Antigen | Location in adult worm | Identity/Function | Immunization strategy | Adjuvant | Host | Worm burden reduction (%) | Liver egg burden reduction (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sm-p80 | Associated with tegument inner membrane | Calpain-neutral cysteine protease | Recombinant protein | Resiquimod | Mouse | 50 | 16 | |
Primed with pcDNA3 and boosted with recombinant protein | Resiquimod | Mouse | 49 | 30 | ||||
Primed and boosted with recombinant protein | Oligodeoxynucleotide | Mouse | 70 | 75 | ||||
Recombinant protein | Resiquimod | Baboon | 58 | – | ||||
DNA vaccine | – | Baboon | 38–46 | 32–28 | ||||
Fatty acid binding protein (FABP) (Sm14) | Whole body, Cytosolic | Absorbs, transports and compartmentalizes fatty acids from the host | Recombinant protein | – | Mouse | 67 | – | [18] |
Tetraspanin protein 2 (Sm-TSP2) | Tegument apical membrane | Tetraspanin integral membrane protein | Recombinant protein | Freund’s | Mouse | 57 | 64 | |
Recombinant protein | Alum/CpG | Mouse | 25 | 27 | ||||
Glutathione S-transferase (Sh28GST) | Whole body | Enzyme involved in fatty acid metabolism and prostaglandin D2 synthesis | Recombinant protein | Aluminium | Baboon | 0–80 | – | [101] |
Sm29 | Tegument apical membrane | Unknown, but has a C-terminal domain | DNA vaccine with pUMVC3 plasmid | – | Mouse | 17–22 | – | |
Recombinant protein | Complete Freund’s and Incomplete Freund’s | Mouse | 51 | – | ||||
Sm14 + Sm-29 | – | – | Multivalent recombinant proteins | Poly (I; C) | Mouse | 40 | 68 | [41] |
Sm29 + Sm-TSP-2 | – | – | Multivalent DNA vaccine with pUMVC3 plasmid | – | Mouse | 24–32 | – | |
Multivalent Recombinant proteins | CpG-Alum | Mouse | 35 | – | ||||
Oesophageal gland secretion (Sm100.3) | Oesophagus | Digestive tract proteins (oesophageal) | Recombinant proteins | Freund’s | Mouse | 25–32 | 33–44 | [103] |
Cathepsin B1(SmCB1) | Gut (gastrodermis) | Gut protease (cysteine peptidase) | Recombinant proteins | Postulated to have inbuilt adjuvant properties | Mouse | 73 | 83 | |
(Combined with SG3PDHa + PRX-MAPb) | ||||||||
S. mansoni Cathepsin B (Sm-CB) | Gut (gastrodermis) | Gut protease (cysteine peptidase) | Recombinant proteins | CpG oligodeoxynucleotides | Mouse | 59 | 56 | |
Montanide ISA 750 VG | Mouse | 60 | 62 | |||||
Schistosome cysteine proteinase, asparaginyl endopeptidase (SmAE) (Sm32) | Gut | Gut protease (Asparaginyl peptidase) | DNA vaccine | – | Mouse | No significant reduction | 37 | [106] |
Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein (Sm-LAMP) | Gastrodermis | Processing of ingested blood | Recombinant protein | alum-CpG | Mouse | 16–25 | – | [49] |
Dynein light chain proteins | Unknown | Evolutionarily conserved among different organisms | Recombinant protein | Alhydrogel | Mouse | Â | Â | [52] |
 - DLC 12 |  |  |  |  |  | 43 | ||
 - DLC 13 | 51 | |||||||
S. mansoni Syntenin (SmSynt) | Intestinal tract | Scaffold supporting protein | Recombinant protein | Complete and incomplete Freund’s | Mouse | 30–37 | – | [107] |
Radiation-attenuated cercariae | – | – | UV-attenuated | – | Mouse | 43 | 73 | [54] |
Antioxidants | ||||||||
 - Cu/Zn cytosolic superoxide dismutase | – | – | DNA vaccine | – | Mouse | 44–60 | – | |
 - signal peptide-containing superoxide dismutase | – | – | DNA vaccine | – | Mouse | 22–45 |  |  |
 - glutathione peroxidase enzymes | ||||||||
 | – | – | DNA vaccine | – | Mouse | 23–55 |  |  |
 |  |  |  |  | Baboon | 17.1 |  |  |