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Table 1 Recent data on Schistosoma mansoni vaccine candidates

From: Schistosomiasis vaccines: where do we stand?

Antigen

Location in adult worm

Identity/Function

Immunization strategy

Adjuvant

Host

Worm burden reduction (%)

Liver egg burden reduction (%)

Reference

Sm-p80

Associated with tegument inner membrane

Calpain-neutral cysteine protease

Recombinant protein

Resiquimod

Mouse

50

16

[25–30]

Primed with pcDNA3 and boosted with recombinant protein

Resiquimod

Mouse

49

30

Primed and boosted with recombinant protein

Oligodeoxynucleotide

Mouse

70

75

Recombinant protein

Resiquimod

Baboon

58

–

DNA vaccine

–

Baboon

38–46

32–28

Fatty acid binding protein (FABP) (Sm14)

Whole body, Cytosolic

Absorbs, transports and compartmentalizes fatty acids from the host

Recombinant protein

–

Mouse

67

–

[18]

Tetraspanin protein 2 (Sm-TSP2)

Tegument apical membrane

Tetraspanin integral membrane protein

Recombinant protein

Freund’s

Mouse

57

64

[99, 100]

Recombinant protein

Alum/CpG

Mouse

25

27

Glutathione S-transferase (Sh28GST)

Whole body

Enzyme involved in fatty acid metabolism and prostaglandin D2 synthesis

Recombinant protein

Aluminium

Baboon

0–80

–

[101]

Sm29

Tegument apical membrane

Unknown, but has a C-terminal domain

DNA vaccine with pUMVC3 plasmid

–

Mouse

17–22

–

[44, 102]

Recombinant protein

Complete Freund’s and Incomplete Freund’s

Mouse

51

–

Sm14 + Sm-29

–

–

Multivalent recombinant proteins

Poly (I; C)

Mouse

40

68

[41]

Sm29 + Sm-TSP-2

–

–

Multivalent DNA vaccine with pUMVC3 plasmid

–

Mouse

24–32

–

[43, 44]

Multivalent Recombinant proteins

CpG-Alum

Mouse

35

–

Oesophageal gland secretion (Sm100.3)

Oesophagus

Digestive tract proteins (oesophageal)

Recombinant proteins

Freund’s

Mouse

25–32

33–44

[103]

Cathepsin B1(SmCB1)

Gut (gastrodermis)

Gut protease (cysteine peptidase)

Recombinant proteins

Postulated to have inbuilt adjuvant properties

Mouse

73

83

[104, 105]

(Combined with SG3PDHa + PRX-MAPb)

S. mansoni Cathepsin B (Sm-CB)

Gut (gastrodermis)

Gut protease (cysteine peptidase)

Recombinant proteins

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides

Mouse

59

56

Montanide ISA 750 VG

Mouse

60

62

Schistosome cysteine proteinase, asparaginyl endopeptidase (SmAE) (Sm32)

Gut

Gut protease (Asparaginyl peptidase)

DNA vaccine

–

Mouse

No significant reduction

37

[106]

Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein (Sm-LAMP)

Gastrodermis

Processing of ingested blood

Recombinant protein

alum-CpG

Mouse

16–25

–

[49]

Dynein light chain proteins

Unknown

Evolutionarily conserved among different organisms

Recombinant protein

Alhydrogel

Mouse

  

[52]

 - DLC 12

     

43

 - DLC 13

51

S. mansoni Syntenin (SmSynt)

Intestinal tract

Scaffold supporting protein

Recombinant protein

Complete and incomplete Freund’s

Mouse

30–37

–

[107]

Radiation-attenuated cercariae

–

–

UV-attenuated

–

Mouse

43

73

[54]

Antioxidants

 - Cu/Zn cytosolic superoxide dismutase

–

–

DNA vaccine

–

Mouse

44–60

–

[46, 47]

 - signal peptide-containing superoxide dismutase

–

–

DNA vaccine

–

Mouse

22–45

  

 - glutathione peroxidase enzymes

 

–

–

DNA vaccine

–

Mouse

23–55

  
     

Baboon

17.1

  
  1. aGlyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  2. bperoxiredoxin