Table 2 Molecular studies of Rangelia vitalii and Cytauxzoon sp. infections in wild carnivores

Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

30.0 (6/20)

PCR

R. vitalii

Brazil

W

[11]

(1/1)

PCR

R. vitalii

Brazil

W

Cachexia and intense dehydration, conjunctiva and oral mucosae were distinctly pale. Co-infection with canine distemper virus.

[73]

Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus)

0/4

PCR

R. vitalii

Brazil

W

[11]

(1/1)

PCR

R. vitalii

Brazil

W

Mucosae were moderately pale. Spleen with moderate follicle hyperplasia and extramedullary hematopoiesis.

[73]

(1/1)

PCR

R. vitalii

Brazil

W

Kidney with hyaline degeneration and coagulation necrosis. Liver with slight vacuolar degeneration. Spleen with red pulp hyperplasia.

[72]

Hokkaido brown bear (Ursus arctos yesoensis)

(1/1)

PCR

Cytauxzoon sp.

Hokkaido, Japan

W

Heavily infested with ticks and anemia. Co-infection with Babesia sp. UR1

[79]

Bobcat (Lynx rufus)

33.0 (10/30)

PCR

C. felis

North Carolina, USA

W

Region where cytauxzoonosis is prevalent in domestic cat

[138]

7.0 (5/69)

PCR

C. felis

Pennsylvania, USA

W

Region where cytauxzoonosis is not prevalent in domestic cat

[138]

25.6 (34/133)

PCR

C. felis

Arkansas, USA

W

[105]

20.0 (138/696)

PCR

C. felis

13 states, USA

W

[90]

0/1

PCR

C. felis

USA

R

[139]

Wild cat (Felis silvestris ornata)

(1/1)

D/PCR

C. felis

Iran

W

Cachexia and anemia

[140]

European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris)

14.3 (3/21)

PCR

Cytauxzoon sp.

Italy

W

Road kill animals

[121]

Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)

1.9 (1/51)

D/PCR

Cytauxzoon sp.

Sierra Morena, Spain

W

One injured young male

[76]

15.0 (3/20)

PCR

Cytauxzoon sp.

Sierra Morena, Spain

W

[75]

75.0 (24/32)

PCR

C. felis

Sierra Morena, Spain

W

[77]

0/45

PCR

C. felis

Doñana, Spain

W

[77]

26.9 (25/112)

PCR

C. felis

Sierra Morena, Spain

W/R

22 % co-infection with Toxoplasma gondii

[141]

Jaguar (Panthera onca)

(1/6)

PCR

Cytauxzoon sp.

Brazil

R

[111]

(26/26)

PCR

C. felis

Pantanal, Brazil

W

[142]

Little spotted cat (Leopardus tigrinus)

0/14

PCR

Cytauxzoon sp.

Brazil

R

[111]

Lion (Panthera leo)

0/266

PCR

C. felis

Serengeti

W

1994 Canine distemper virus epidemic

[93]

0/35

PCR

C. felis

Ngorongoro

W

2001 Canine distemper virus epidemic

[93]

0/1

PCR

C. felis

USA

R

[139]

2.0 (2/86)

PCR

C. manul

Zimbabwe

R

[67]

Margay (Leopardus wiedii)

0/2

PCR

Cytauxzoon sp.

Brazil

R

[111]

Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)

6.8 (2/29)

PCR

Cytauxzoon sp.

Brazil

R

[111]

Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul)

(4/4)

H/D/PCR

C. manul

Mongolia

W

Trapped in Mongolia and transported to USA

[74, 122, 143]

0/3

PCR

Cytauxzoon sp.

Brazil

R

[111]

Puma (Puma concolor)

12.0 (5/41)

PCR

C. felis

Florida, USA

W

5 % co-infection with Babesia sp.

[119]

(3/3)

D/PCR

C. felis

Florida, USA

R

1 cougar with anorexia and lethargy. Hematological findings of mild hemolytic anemia

[113]

(2/9)

PCR

Cytauxzoon sp.

Brazil

R

[111]

(1/7)

PCR

C. felis

USA

R

[90]

0/1

PCR

C. felis

USA

R

[139]

Serval (Leptailurus serval)

0/1

PCR

C. felis

USA

R

[90]

Tiger (Panthera tigris)

(4/8)

PCR

C. felis

USA

Z

[139]

Yaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi)

0/6

PCR

Cytauxzoon sp.

Brazil

R

[111]

Common genet (Genetta genetta)

0/10

PCR

Cytauxzoon sp.

Doñana, Spain

W

[144]

Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon)

0/24

PCR

Cytauxzoon sp.

Doñana, Spain

W

[144]

South African meerkats (Suricata suricatta)

57.0 (26/46)

D/PCR

Cytauxzoon sp.

Kalahari, South Africa

W

46 % of co-infection with Babesia sp.

[78]