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Table 1 Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the participants enrolled in the cross-sectional survey, stratified by five exposure groups in the Than Tri district, Hanoi, between April and June 2014

From: Intestinal parasite infections and associated risk factors in communities exposed to wastewater in urban and peri-urban transition zones in Hanoi, Vietnam

Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics/Exposure groupsa

Com peri-urban

Com urban

Farmer peri-urban

Farmer urban

Worker HSDC

N = 101

N = 170

N = 129

N = 153

N = 128

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

Sex

 Female

85

84.2

134

78.8

105

81.4

132

86.3

58

45.3

 Male

16

15.8

36

21.2

24

18.6

21

13.7

70

54.7

Age categories (years) (mean ± SD)

50.0 ± 15.6

45.7 ± 14.5

48.7 ± 11.1

52.6 ± 10.6

41.2 ± 10.7

Educational attainment

 Never went to school

3

3.0

7

4.1

0

0.0

5

3.3

0

0.0

 Primary school

13

12.9

16

9.4

19

14.7

42

27.5

2

1.6

 Secondary school

47

46.5

70

41.2

76

58.9

76

49.7

37

28.9

 Tertiary school

15

14.9

59

34.7

31

24.0

27

17.6

73

57.0

 University degree

23

22.8

18

10.6

3

2.3

3

2.0

16

12.5

Socioeconomic statusb

 Most poor

28

27.7

31

18.2

51

39.5

33

21.6

12

9.4

 Poor

22

21.8

49

28.8

42

32.6

48

31.4

17

13.3

 Less poor

17

16.8

41

24.1

25

19.4

34

22.2

56

43.8

 Least poor

34

33.7

49

28.8

11

8.5

38

24.8

43

33.6

How many people live in your household (mean ± SD)

4.7 ± 2.0

4.6 ± 1.7

4.3 ± 1.9

5.1 ± 2.6

5.3 ± 8.5

Living at the same place (years) (mean ± SD)

34.4 ± 21.3

37.7 ± 19.8

37.8 ± 19.5

53.3 ± 56.3

34.0 ± 14.5

  1. aExposure groups: Com peri-urban : people living in the peri-urban commune Duyen Ha, 5 km away from the city along the Red River; Com urban : people living in the urban area of Hanoi, in Bang B village or Tam Hiep commune along the To Lich River and potential exposed to wastewater; Farmer peri-urban : peri-urban farmers living in Duyen Ha commune using the irrigation water from Red River, wells or local drains, which are not contaminated with the city’s wastewater; Farmer urban : urban farmers living in Bang B village or Tam Hiep commune reusing wastewater from To Lich River; and Worker HSDC : workers from Hanoi Sewerage and Drainage Company (HSDC) maintaining drainage channels and operating the Yen So treatment plants
  2. bDerived using principal components analysis (PCA) of the following 11 ownership items: radio, TV, mobile phone, fridge, computer, bicycle, motorbike, car, electricity, running water and latrine