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Table 6 Results of univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis for total parasitic infections (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm and intestinal protozoa) in a cross-sectional survey in the Than Tri district, Hanoi, between April and June 2014

From: Intestinal parasite infections and associated risk factors in communities exposed to wastewater in urban and peri-urban transition zones in Hanoi, Vietnam

Intestinal parasitic infectiona

(total population, N = 681; infections 13.6 %, n = 93)

Infections

Univariate logistic regressionc

Multivariate logistic regressionc

n

%

OR

95 % CI

P-valued

aOR

95 % CI

P-valued

Exposure groupb

Com peri-urban

101

6.9

1.00

  

< 0.001

1.00

   

Com urban

170

10.0

1.49

0.60

3.73

0.392

1.61

0.61

4.22

0.333

Farmer peri-urban

129

30.3

5.82

2.48

13.68

< 0.001

5.30

2.05

13.69

0.001

Farmer urban

153

11.1

1.68

0.67

4.21

0.269

1.72

0.60

4.91

0.314

Worker HSDC

128

10.2

1.52

0.58

3.96

0.393

2.11

0.71

6.24

0.179

Sex

Male

166

12.1

1.00

       
 

Female

512

14.6

0.84

0.49

1.42

0.511

0.77

0.42

1.41

0.395

Age

   

1.02

1.01

1.04

0.001

1.01

1.00

1.03

0.122

Educational attainment

Never went to school

15

20.0

1.00

  

0.035

    

Primary school

92

16.3

0.78

0.20

3.10

0.723

0.67

0.15

3.03

0.604

Secondary school

306

17.0

0.82

0.22

3.00

0.763

0.68

0.16

2.96

0.605

Tertiary school

205

8.8

0.39

0.10

1.49

0.167

0.33

0.07

1.62

0.173

 

Higher education

63

7.9

0.34

0.07

1.64

0.181

0.51

0.09

3.01

0.459

Socioeconomic status

Most poor

155

18.6

1.00

  

0.114

    

Poor

178

11.8

0.61

0.33

1.12

0.110

0.89

0.44

1.82

0.754

Less poor

173

15.6

0.84

0.47

1.50

0.552

1.80

0.86

3.74

0.116

Least poor

175

9.7

0.49

0.26

0.93

0.030

1.07

0.48

2.39

0.868

Number of people per household

  

0.90

0.79

1.01

0.067

0.93

0.82

1.05

0.250

Toilet facility at home

Yes

661

12.9

1.00

       

No

20

40.0

5.14

2.10

12.57

< 0.001

3.12

0.88

11.03

0.078

Toilet facility at work

Yes

458

12.1

1.00

       

No

195

17.4

1.54

0.96

2.48

0.076

0.87

0.47

1.60

0.653

Wastewater cause health issues

No

86

22.1

1.00

       

Yes

595

12.4

0.50

0.28

0.88

0.016

0.74

0.39

1.40

0.352

Flooding of living area

No

654

13.9

1.00

       

Yes

27

7.4

0.49

0.12

2.13

0.344

    

Flooding of working area

No

538

13.4

1.00

       

Yes

143

14.7

1.11

0.66

1.88

0.687

    

Drinking tap water

No

150

14.0

1.00

       

Yes

531

13.6

0.96

0.57

1.63

0.890

    

Drinking rain water

No

628

13.4

1.00

       

Yes

53

17.0

1.32

0.62

2.81

0.464

    

Drinking bore hole water

No

595

12.9

1.00

       

Yes

86

18.6

1.54

0.85

2.78

0.155

0.91

0.41

2.01

0.808

Bathing with tap water

No

90

16.7

1.00

       

Yes

591

13.2

1.69

0.71

4.00

0.232

    

Bathing with rain water

No

647

13.3

1.00

       

Yes

34

20.6

1.31

0.80

2.13

0.278

    

Bathing with bore hole water

No

514

12.8

1.00

       

Yes

167

16.2

1.27

0.15

10.97

0.830

    

Preventive chemotherapy received in the past

< 6 months

69

7.2

1.00

  

0.038

    

6 to <12 months

77

6.5

0.89

0.25

3.21

0.857

0.83

0.20

3.42

0.798

<12 months

493

15.6

2.37

0.92

6.08

0.073

2.53

0.92

6.95

0.072

Never took deworming

42

14.3

2.13

0.61

7.48

0.237

1.87

0.48

7.25

0.363

  1. aIntestinal parasitic infection includes: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm and any intestinal protozoa
  2. bExposure groups: Com peri-urban : people living in the peri-urban commune Duyen Ha, 5 km away from the city along the Red River; Com urban : people living in the urban area of Hanoi, in Bang B village or Tam Hiep commune along the To Lich River and potential exposed to wastewater; Farmer peri-urban : peri-urban farmers living in Duyen Ha commune using the irrigation water from Red River, wells or local drains, which are not contaminated with the city’s wastewater; Farmer urban : urban farmers living in Bang B village or Tam Hiep commune reusing wastewater from To Lich River; and Worker HSDC : workers from Hanoi Sewerage and Drainage Company (HSDC) maintaining drainage channels and operating the Yen So treatment plants
  3. c P-values were obtained from likelihood ratio tests. The core of the multivariate model included exposure group, sex, age, educational attainment, socioeconomic status and number of people per household. In addition, all risk factors with a P-value < 0.2 in the univariate analyses were included into the multivariate regression analysis (as indicated in the table)
  4. d P-values were obtained from likelihood ratio tests overall P-value of the respective categorical variable are indicated in italic letters
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