Fig. 4

Immune and antioxidant defences as a function of exposure level and days post- feeding. Gene expression levels of a nitric oxide synthase (NOS, log-transformed), b superoxide dismutase (SOD, log-transformed) and c glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, log-transformed) in unfed female mosquitoes and in fed female mosquitoes: unexposed, with low exposure and with high exposure to Plasmodium parasites at 5 and 15 days post-feeding (dpf). Stars indicate significant statistical differences compared to unfed females at 0 dpf