Table 1 Vector-borne diseases
Disease | Pathogen | Estimated number | Major distribution | Major vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Chikungunya | Chikungunya virus: Alphavirus (Togaviridae) | 37,480 (Americas, 2015) | Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe | Aedes spp. |
Mayaro fever | Mayaro virus: Alphavirus (Togaviridae) | 197 cases (2015)a | South America | Haemagogus janthinomys |
Zika | Zika virus: Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) | No official WHO reportb | Africa and Asia (60s to 80s); Americas, Western Pacific | Aedes spp. |
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever | Crimean-Congo virus: Nairovirus (Bunyaviridae) | Regional outbreaks | Africa, the Balkans, the Middle East, Asia | Hyalomma spp. |
Dengue | Dengue virus, serotypes DEN 1–4: Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) | 3.2 million (Americas, South-East Asia and Western Pacific, 2015) | Africa, the Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, the Western Pacific | Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (secondary vector) |
Japanese encephalitis | Japanese encephalitis virus: Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) | 68,000 (Asia, estimated per year) | South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions | Culex spp. |
Rift Valley fever | Rift Valley virus: Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae) | Regional outbreaks | Africa, Arabian Peninsula | Aedes spp. |
Tick-borne encephalitis | Tick-borne encephalitis virus: Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) | 10,000–12,000 (estimated per year) | Europe, northern China, Mongolia, the Russian Federation | Ixodidae |
West Nile fever | West Nile virus: Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) | Regional outbreaks | Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America and West Asia | Culex spp. |
Yellow fever | Yellow fever virus: Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) | 200,000 (estimated per year) | Africa, Central and South America | Aedes and Haemagogus |
Lyme disease | Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetaceae) | 25,359 (USA, 2014)c | Areas of Asia, north-western, central and eastern Europe, USA | Ixodidae |
Plague | Yersinia pestis (Enterobacteriaceae) | 783 (2013) | Asia and South America (until 90s); Africa | Xenopsylla cheopis |
Rickettsiosis | Species of the genera: Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia, Neoehrlichia and Anaplasma | Millions of cases annuallyc | Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa | Ticks, lice and fleas |
Tularaemia | Francisella tularensis (Francisellaceae) | Regional outbreaks | North America, eastern Europe, China, Japan, Scandinavia | Dermacentor spp., Chrysops spp., Amblyomma americanum |
American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) | Trypanosoma cruzi (Trypanosomatidae) | 6 to 7 million | Central and South America | Triatominae |
African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) | Trypanosoma brucei (Trypanosomatidae) | 3,796 (2014) | sub-Saharan Africa | Glossina spp. |
Leishmaniasis | Leishmania spp. (Trypanosomatidae) | 900,000–1.3 million (estimated per year) | Americas, North Africa-Eurasia, East Africa, South-East Asia, Mediterranean basin | Plebotomine sand flies |
Malaria | Plasmodium spp. (Plasmodiidae) | 214 million (estimated, 2015) | sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East | Anopheles spp. |
Lymphatic filariasis | Wuchereria bancrofti (Onchocercidae) | 120 million (2000) | Angola, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Indonesia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria, the United Republic of Tanzania | Culex spp. |
Onchocerciasis | Onchocerca volvulus (Onchocercidae) | 25 millionc | sub-Saharan Africa, Yemen, Brazil, Venezuela | Simulium spp. |
Babesiosis | Babesia spp. (Babesiidae) | 1,762 (USA, 2013)c | EUA | Ixodidae |