Fig. 1

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) assays with recombinant proteins (including SjILP and SmILP) and S. japonicum tegument protein. By using an ADP assay kit, ADP concentration (μM) was measured following incubation for 20 min with different proteins (0.13 mg/ml), including SjILP, SmILP, the positive control (adult S. japonicum worm tegument protein extract; SjT) and negative controls (human insulin and rSjKI-1). The assay kit ADP standard curve was obtained using different concentrations of ADP alone. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM). This experiment was performed three times