| Laos | Thailand | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suburban | Rural | Suburban | Rural | ||||||
No. of containers | 139 | Â | 64 | Â | 171 | Â | 179 | Â | |
Socio-demography | |||||||||
 Education level | ≤ Primary school | 64 | 1 | 63 | 1 | 115 | 1 | 161 | 1 |
> Primary school | 75 | 1.3 (0.6–2.6) | 1 | na | 56 | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 18 | 4.1 (1.4–12.2)** | |
 Occupation | Agriculture | 82 | 1 | 64 | 1 | 35 | 1 | 168 | 1 |
Commercial | 11 | 2.9 (1.0–8.8)* | 0 | na | 34 | 2.1 (0.8–5.1) | 3 | na | |
Service | 25 | 1.3 (0.5–3.3) | 0 | na | 13 | 0.2 (0.1–0.8)* | 3 | na | |
Othera | 21 | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) | 0 | na | 89 | 2.8 (1.2–6.3)* | 5 | na | |
 Wealth status | Poor | 41 | 1 | 54 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 19 | 1 |
Intermediate | 68 | 0.8 (0.4–1.8) | 9 | na | 64 | 1.5 (0.3–8.6) | 101 | 5.2 (1.8–15.2)** | |
Rich | 30 | 1.7 (0.7–4.2) | 1 | na | 99 | 0.6 (0.1–3.5) | 59 | 4.8 (1.7–13.6)** | |
Household water management | |||||||||
Container type and location | |||||||||
 Jar | No | 62 | 1 | 15 | 1 | 102 | 1 | 79 | 1 |
Yes | 77 | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | 49 | 0.2 (0.1–0.5)** | 69 | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 100 | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | |
 Tank | No | 98 | 1 | 58 | 1 | 86 | 1 | 105 | 1 |
Yes | 41 | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | 6 | 6.3 (2.0–19.9)** | 85 | 1.3 (0.7–2.5) | 74 | 1.5 (0.7–3.1) | |
 Bucket | No | 129 | 1 | 57 | 1 | 154 | 1 | 174 | 1 |
Yes | 10 | 0.4 (0.1–2.5) | 7 | na | 17 | 0.8 (0.2–2.9) | 5 | 0.2 (0.0–1.9) | |
 Container location | Indoor | 15 | 1 | 26 | 1 | 44 | 1 | 56 | 1 |
Outdoor | 79 | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | 29 | 2.5 (0.8–7.4) | 20 | 5.9 (1.8–19.9)** | 35 | 0.2 (0.1–0.8)* | |
Toilet/bathroom | 45 | 1.1 (0.4–2.8) | 9 | 12.8 (3.4–48.6)** | 107 | 2.7 (1.3–5.6)** | 88 | 0.6 (0.2–1.4) | |
Water source, cleaning and lids | |||||||||
 Rain-fed | No | 102 | 1 | 21 | 1 | 156 | 1 | 167 | 1 |
Yes | 37 | 0.7 (0.3–1.8) | 43 | 0.3 (0.1–0.9)* | 15 | na | 12 | 0.7 (0.1–4.3) | |
 Manually collected rain | No | 136 | 1 | 60 | 1 | 165 | 1 | 145 | 1 |
Yes | 3 | 0.5 (0.1–3.1) | 4 | na | 6 | 0.1 (0.0–0.5)** | 34 | 1.2 (0.3–3.9) | |
 Piped water | No | 0 |  | 0 |  | 26 | 1 | 48 | 1 |
Yes | 0 |  | 0 |  | 145 | na | 131 | 1.2 (0.5–3.2) | |
 Borehole | No | 41 | 1 | 47 | 1 | 0 |  | 0 |  |
Yes | 98 | 1.8 (0.8–4.2) | 17 | 3.6 (1.2–11.1)* | 0 |  | 0 |  | |
 Frequency of container cleaning | ≤ Weekly | 96 | 1 | 59 | 1 | 71 | 1 | 60 | 1 |
> Weekly-monthly | 42 | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 4 | na | 92 | 4.2 (2.1–8.2)** | 111 | 3.5 (1.6–7.4)** | |
> Monthly-yearly | 1 | 0.5 (0.0–14.7) | 1 | na | 8 | 0.7 (0.2–3.3) | 8 | 2.4 (0.3–18.6) | |
 Lid status | Without lid | 107 | 1 | 48 | 1 | 142 | 1 | 134 | 1 |
With lid | 32 | 0.4 (0.1–1.1) | 16 | 0.3 (0.1–1.8) | 29 | 0.1 (0.0–0.3)** | 45 | 0.9 (0.3–2.9) | |
 Temephos present in container | No | 108 | 1 | 60 | 1 | 171 | 1 | 177 | 1 |
Yes | 3 | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 4 | 2.6 (0.3–21.5) | 0 | na | 2 | 2.2 (0.1–56.2) |