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Table 1 A summary of some repellent plant derivatives against anopheline mosquitoes

From: Prospects for malaria control through manipulation of mosquito larval habitats and olfactory-mediated behavioural responses using plant-derived compounds

Plant

Major repellent compounds

Mode of testing

Repellency efficacy

Study type

Reference

Conyza newii

Perillyl alcohol, perillaldehyde, geraniol

Topical application

100% protection

Laboratory study

[55]

Mkilua fragrans

Linalool, camphor, 4-isopropylbenzenemethanol, carvone, caryophyllene oxide

Topical application

RC50 9.21 × 10-5 mg cm-2

Laboratory study

[125]

Endostemon tereticaulis

Terpene-4-ol, fenchone, γ-terpinene, terpinolene

Topical application

RC50 1.52 × 10-5 mg cm-2

Laboratory study

[125]

Ocimum fischeri

Eugenol, terpinolene, β-myrcene

Topical application

RC50 0.67 × 10-5 mg cm-2

Laboratory study

[125]

Ocimum forskolei

Fenchone, camphor,α-pinene, β-myrcene

Topical application

RC50 1 × 10-5 mg cm-2

Laboratory study

[125]

Plectranthus longipes

Carvacrol, caryophyllene oxide, terpene-4-ol, β-myrcene, γ-terpinene, α-terpinene

Topical application

RC50 1.93 × 10-5 mg cm-2

Laboratory study

[125]

Croton pseudopulchellus

Linalool, caryophyllene oxide,γ-terpinene, 1-methylpyrrole

Topical application

RC50 3.74 × 10-5 mg cm-2

Laboratory study

[125]

Nepeta cataria

Caryophyllene, nepetalactone

Topical application

RC50 0.081-0.091 mg cm-2

Laboratory study

[105]

Lantana camara

Caryophyllene

Direct burning

27.22–43% protection

Field study

[132]

Thymus vulgaris

α-terpinene, thymol, linalool, geraniol, carvacrol, p-cymene

Topical application

> 80% protection

Laboratory study

[141]

Azadirachta indica

Azadirachtin, saponins

Direct burning

25–94% protection

Field study

[132]

Corymbia citriodora

p-menthane-3,8-diol, citronella, citronellol, geraniol, limonene, isopulegol, δ-pinene

Topical application

48–100% protection

Field study

[139]

Plectranthus marrubioides

Camphor, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene,aterpenene, fenchone, isocaryophyllene

Topical application

100% protection

Laboratory study

[55]

Tarchonanthum camphoratus

Camphene, α-pinene, α-fenchyl alcohol, 1,8-cineole, α-terpeneol, p-cymene

Topical application

99% protection

Laboratory study

[55]

Tetradenia riparia

Fenchone, limonene, 1,8-cineole

Topical application

80% protection

Laboratory study

[55]

Lippia ukambensis

Myrcene, linalool, α-pinene, eucalyptol, camphor, camphene, 1,8-cineole

Topical application

84% protection

Laboratory study

[55]

Lippia javanica

Allopurinol, camphor, limonene, verbenone, α-terpeneol, limonene oxide, cis-verbenol, linanool, α-terpeneol

Topical application

90% protection

Laboratory study

[55]

Tagetes minuta

Ocimene, dihydrotagetone, tagetones, ocimenones, piperitenone, 3,9-epoxy-p-metha-1,8(10)diene, β-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene, AR-turmerone

Topical application

> 80% protection

Laboratory and semi-field studies

[142]