Fig. 5

Assessment of cryopreserved malaria gametocytes. a P. falciparum gametocyte maturity stages obtained after thawing samples from wave Bioreactor frozen on different days. The diagram represents data. b Viability over the time of P. falciparum gametocytes after thawing. The curve represents mean values obtained after thawing in three independent experiments the samples collected in the Wave Bioreactor on day 10. The thawed cells were cultured at 37 °C during 4 days. c Photograph of a healthy mature gametocyte obtained immediately after thawing of frozen sample. Its represents DIC image of cell suspension observed with confocal microscope 60× objective. d Representative DIC images of P. falciparum gametocytes during exflagellation test performed after thawing of frozen samples taken at 10× objective to show abundance of exflagellating gametocytes (i), at 20× and (ii) and 60× (iii) to show detail of gametocytes with flagella (spike-like projections). e Development of midgut oocysts 10 days after mosquito membrane feeding of gametocyte frozen sample from Wave Bioreactor. Picture is at 40× magnification