Table 2 Seroprevalence of IgG and IgM antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii infections among migrant workers in Malaysia according to sex, age, nationality, employment sector, years of residence, accommodation and education
Factors | IgG + | IgM+ | IgG+ IgM+ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (95% CI) | P-valuea | % (95% CI) | P-value | % (95% CI) | P-value | ||
Intrinsic factors | |||||||
Sex | Men (n = 375) | 55.7 (50.5–60.8) | 0.469 | 4.8 (2.9–7.5) | 0.610 | 3.7 (2.1–6.2) | 0.975 |
Women (n = 109) | 59.6 (49.8–68.9) | 3.7 (1.0–9.1) | 3.7 (1.0–9.1) | ||||
Age class (years)* | < 25 (n = 142) | 59.2 (50.6–67.3) | 0.045 | 3.5 (1.2–8.0) | 0.732 | 3.5 (1.2–8.0) | 0.853 |
25–34 (n = 183) | 51.4 (43.9–58.8) | 5.5 (2.7–9.8) | 3.8 (1.6–7.7) | ||||
35–44 (n = 111) | 54.1 (44.3–63.6) | 4.5 (1.5–10.2) | 3.6 (1.0–9.0) | ||||
45–54 (n = 35) | 74.3 (56.7–87.5) | 5.7 (0.7–19.2) | 5.7 (0.7–19.2) | ||||
> 55 (n = 13) | 76.9 (46.2–95.0) | 0.0 (0.0–24.7) | 0.0 (0.0–24.7) | ||||
Country of nationality* | Indonesia (n = 247) | 58.3 (51.9–64.5) | < 0.001 | 5.3 (2.8–8.8) | 0.448 | 5.3 (2.8–8.8) | 0.325 |
Bangladesh (n = 72) | 44.4 (32.7–56.6) | 2.8 (0.3–9.7) | 1.4 (0.0–7.5) | ||||
Myanmar (n = 14) | 28.6 (8.4–58.1) | 0.0 (0.0–23.2) | 0.0 (0.0–23.2) | ||||
India (n = 52) | 38.5 (25.3–53.0) | 1.9 (0.0–10.3) | 1.9 (0.0–10.3) | ||||
Nepal (n = 99) | 74.7 (65.0–82.9) | 6.1 (2.3–12.7) | 3.0 (0.6–8.6) | ||||
Extrinsic factors | |||||||
Employment sector* | Construction (n = 68) | 61.8 (49.2–73.3) | < 0.001 | 5.9 (1.6–14.4) | 0.417 | 5.9 (1.6–14.4) | 0.400 |
Manufacturing (n = 93) | 74.2 (64.1–82.7) | 4.3 (1.2–10.6) | 2.2 (0.3–7.6) | ||||
Plantation (n = 102) | 44.1 (34.3–54.3) | 4.9 (1.6–11.1) | 3.9 (1.1–9.7) | ||||
Food service (n = 115) | 50.4 (41.0–59.9) | 1.7 (0.2–6.1) | 1.7 (0.2–6.1) | ||||
Domestic (n = 106) | 56.6 (46.6–66.2) | 6.6 (2.7–13.1) | 5.7 (2.1–11.9) | ||||
Years of residence* | < than 1 year (n = 180) | 65.0 (57.6–71.9) | 0.004 | 6.7 (3.5–11.4) | 0.091 | 5.6 (2.7–10.0) | 0.107 |
> than 1 year (n = 304) | 51.6 (45.9–57.4) | 3.3 (1.6–6.0) | 2.6 (1.1–5.1) | ||||
Accommodation | Own/rent house (n = 133) | 57.1 (48.3–65.7) | 0.638 | 5.3 (2.1–10.5) | 0.447 | 4.5 (1.7–9.6) | 0.236 |
Construction site (n = 53) | 62.3 (47.9–75.2) | 7.5 (2.1–18.2) | 7.5 (2.1–18.2) | ||||
Hostel by employer (n = 298) | 55.4 (49.5–61.1) | 3.7 (1.9–6.5) | 2.7 (1.2–5.2) | ||||
Education | Primary (n = 228) | 54.4 (47.7–61.0) | 0.114 | 4.8 (2.4–8.5) | 0.674 | 3.9 (1.8–7.4) | 0.572 |
Secondary (n = 201) | 62.7 (55.6–69.4) | 4.0 (1.7–7.7) | 3.0 (1.1–6.4) | ||||
University (n = 10) | 50.0 (18.7–81.3) | 0.0 (0.0–30.8) | 0.0 (0.0–30.8) | ||||
No formal schooling (n = 45) | 42.2 (27.7–57.8) | 6.7 (1.4–18.3) | 6.7 (1.4–18.3) | ||||