Year | Reference | Description |
---|---|---|
1980 | McGhee & Cosgrove [88] | Report of a possible monoxenous infection in a woman from Texas presenting with ill-defined symptoms. Examination of the cultures excluded the possibility of Leishmania or Trypanosoma infection, and suggested the organism was a Herpetomonas sp. |
1986 | Githure et al. [143] | Trypanosomatids isolated from HIV-negative patients in Kenya were revealed to be more closely related to Crithidia species through iso-enzyme and kDNA analyses, than that of Leishmania. |
1988 | Morsey et al. [93] | An unnamed trypanosomatid species was isolated from rats and stray dogs in Egypt in 1989 by Morsey et al. (1988). The rodent/canine isolate was later found to be a member of the genus Herpetomonas [94]. |
1989 | Conchon et al. [144] | Crithidia ancanthocephali, Crithidia fasciculate, Crithidia thermophile, Leptomonas seymori, Herpetomonas samuelpessoai were used to experimentally infect tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum). |
1991 | Sabbatani et al. [145] | A case of unusual visceral leishmaniasis was reported in a HIV-positive 10-year-old girl from Guinea-Bissau, where the disease had not been previously identified. It was speculated that this case resulted from an infection with a reptilian trypanosomatid that had not been identified in humans previously. |
1992 | Mebrahtu et al. [146] | Parasites isolated from HIV-negative patients suffering from visceral leishmaniasis were described as resembling Crithidia species rather than the pathogenic Leishmania. |
1996 | Jimenez et al. [147] | An “unusual Leishmania-like parasite” was reported in a case of visceral leishmaniasis/HIV co-infection. |
1998 | Pacheco et al. [89] | A monoxenous trypanosomatid was isolated from the bone marrow of an HIV patient presenting with a visceral leishmaniasis-like syndrome. The patient was positive for a Leishmania braziliensis infection. Molecular analyses also revealed a co-infecting parasite that did not belong to the genus Leishmania or Trypanosoma and hybridisation analyses confirmed kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) cross-hybridisation with Leptomonas pulexsimulantis. |
2007 | Srivastava et al. [91] | Report of nine cases of visceral leishmaniasis in patients from India. PCR analysis revealed the presence of both Leishmania donovani and a Leptomonas species designated Leptomonas sp. BHU. It was proposed that the monoxenous flagellates were able to infect these patients due to immune-suppression associated with visceral leishmaniasis. |
2012 | Ghosh et al. [85] | In a study of Indian Leishmania donovani infected patients, 4/29 (13.8%) patients with visceral leishmaniasis and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) were co-infected with the previously identified Leptomonas sp. BHU, which was later confirmed as Leptomonas seymouri. |
2013 | Singh et al. [80] | Through whole genome sequencing of the L. donovani clinical isolates from India, the presence of monoxenous trypanosomatids in cases of visceral leishmaniasis was reported as Leptomonas seymouri. It is important to note that a recent study by Kraeva et al. found that some of the DNA sequences of Leptomonas seymouri were misidentified as Leishmania donovani in GenBank [53]. |