Fig. 1

Changes in transcriptional and functional activity of indicators of NETosis depend on the outcome of infection with Leishmania infantum. a Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showing statistically significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes from VL patients in the “NET-associated proteins” gene-set (FDR = false discovery rate). b Heat map displaying log2 fold changes of genes in the “core enrichment” identified by GSEA. c Levels of serum DNA and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) or activity of DNAse, elastase and myeloperoxidase (MPO) are shown for endemic controls (EC; green circles), asymptomatic individuals (ASYMP; blue squares) and VL patients (VL; red triangles). Data were analyzed with ANOVA with Bonferroni’s or Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparison test. Lines represent mean or median values. d Correlations between serum DNA, elastase activity, DNAse activity and MPO activity. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to assess significant associations for EC (n = 9), ASYMP (n = 10) and VL (n = 13). Significance is given *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001