Insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in bed bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Dang, Kai; Doggett, Stephen L.; Veera Singham, G.; Lee, Chow-Yang

doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2232-3

Parasites & Vectors

Table 7 Published discriminating doses and susceptibility baselines used to detect insecticide resistance in bed bugs (Cimex spp.)

From: Insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in bed bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Insecticide	Discriminating concentration	Assessment	Susceptibility baseline		Reference
Insecticide	Discriminating concentration	Assessment	LC₅₀/LD₅₀	LC₉₀₍₉₉₎/LD₉₀₍₉₉₎	Reference
C. lectularius
DDT^a	4%	5 d^f	–	–	[39]
Dieldrin^a	0.8%	2 d^f	–	–	[39]
Fenitrothion^b	1%	5 h^f	–	–	[39]
Malathion^b	5%	16 h^f	–	–	[39]
Trichlorfon^b	1%	5 h^f	–	–	[39]
Propoxur^c	0.8%	24 h^f	–	–	[39]
Permethrin^d	0.25%	C^f	–	–	[39]
Deltamethrin^d	0.025%	C^f	–	–	[39]
Dichlorvos^b	–	24 h^f	2.9 ppm	5.7 ppm	[202]
Pirimiphos-methyl^b	–	24 h^f	13.5 ppm	29.8 ppm	[202]
λ-cyhalothrin^d	–	24 h^f	22.2 ppm	357.7 ppm	[202]
Permethrin^d	–	24 h^f	71.4 ppm	201.7 ppm	[202]
Bendiocarb^c	–	24 h^f	47.1 ppm	95.9 ppm	[202]
Malathion^b	–	24 h^f	92 ppm	245 ppm	[202]
Carbaryl^c	–	24 h^f	166.3 ppm	245 ppm	[202]
Tetrachlorvinphos^b	–	24 h^f	252 ppm	472.7 ppm	[202]
Bendiocarb^c	35.3 M	48 h^f	–	35.3 M	[47]
α-cypermethrin^d	23.1 M	48 h^f	–	23.1 M	[47]
Deltamethrin^d	0.06%	C^g	–	–	[48]
Deltamethrin^d	1300 M (30 × LC₉₉)	24 h^f	3.1 M	44 M	[30]
λ-cyhalothrin^d	–	24 h^f	2.16 M	66 M	[30]
Deltamethrin^d	1%	C^f	–	–	[156]
Deltamethrin^d	–	24 h^f	1.4 M	19.2 M	[201]
Bendiocarb^c	–	24 h^f	6.5 M	38.1 M	[201]
Pirimphos-methyl^b	–	T, 24 h	0.11 U	–	[49, 52]
Imidacloprid^e	–	T, 24 h	0.0057 U	–	[49, 52]
Bendiocarb^c	–	T, 24 h	0.027 U	–	[49, 52]
Permethrin^d	–	T, 24 h	0.00044 U	–	[49, 52]
Deltamethrin^d	–	T, 24 h	0.00057 U	–	[49, 52]
Deltamethrin^d	–	1 h^f	18.1 ppm	81.8 ppm	[162]
Deltamethrin^d		12 h^f	3.2 ppm	26 ppm	[162]
λ-cyhalothrin^d		1 h^f	17.7 ppm	87 ppm	[162]
λ-cyhalothrin^d		12 h^f	3.4 ppm	30 ppm	[162]
Deltamethrin^d	1300 M (30 × LC₉₉)	24 h^f	–	–	[157]
Deltamethrin^d	–	IT, 24 h	0.00003 U	–	[113]
β-cyfluthrin^d	–	IT, 24 h	0.00004 U	–	[113]
DDT^a	4%	C ^f	–	–	[12]
Dieldrin^a	0.8%	C ^f	–	–	[12]
Bendiocarb^c	0.1%	C ^f	–	–	[12]
Propoxur^c	0.1%	C ^f	–	–	[12]
Malathion^b	5%	C ^f	–	–	[12]
Fenitrothion^b	1%	C ^f	–	–	[12]
Cyfluthrin^d	0.15%	C ^f	–	–	[12]
Deltamethrin^d	0.05%	C ^f	–	–	[12]
Permethrin^d	0.75%	C ^f	–	–	[12]
λ-cyhalothrin^d	0.05%	C ^f	–	–	[12]
Etofenprox^d	0.5%	C ^f	–	–	[12]
Permethrin^d	2.56 U (1.6 × LC₉₉)	T, 24/48 h	0.159 U	1.65 U	[53]
Permethrin^d	57.6 M	40 min^h	–	–	[53]
Deltamethrin^d	19.6 M	40 min^h	–	–	[53]
Chlorpyrifos^b	0.2 U (2 × LC₉₉)	T, 24/48 h	0.03 U	0.1 U	[53]
Chlorpyrifos^b	53 M	40 min^h	–	–	[53]
Malathion^b	0.007% (2 × LC₉₅)	T	–	–	[248]
Diazinon^b	0.02% (2 × LC₉₅)	T	–	–	[248]
Trichlorfon^b	1.4% (2 × LC₉₅)	T	–	–	[248]
Chlorpyrifos^b	0.014% (2 × LC₉₅)	T	–	–	[248]
Permethrin^d	0.03% (2 × LC₉₅)	T	–	–	[248]
Cypermethrin^d	0.00008% (2 × LC₉₅)	T	–	–	[248]
α-cypermethrin^d	0.000001% (2 × LC₉₅)	T	–	–	[248]
Deltametrhrin^d	0.00008% (2 × LC₉₅)	T	–	–	[248]
λ-cyhalothrin^d	0.00005% (2 × LC₉₅)	T	–	–	[248]
Imidacloprid^e	0.0015% (2 × LC₉₅)	T	–	–	[248]
Acetamiprid^e	0.0044% (2 × LC₉₅)	T	–	–	[248]
Deltamethrin^d	1300 M (30 × LC₉₉)	24 h^f	–	–	[92]
Deltamethrin^d	0.06 U (100 × LD₅₀)	T, 24 h	0.0006 U	–	[122]
Deltamethrin^d	–	24 h^f	30 M	–	[90]
Deltamethrin^d	–	T	0.0004 U	–	[94]
β-cyfuthrin^d	–	T	0.00308 U	–	[94]
Deltamethrin^d	–	24 h^f	2.58 M		[159]
d-allethrin^d	40 mg/mat	24 hⁱ	–	–	[16, 54]
Imidacloprid^e	–	T, 72 h	0.0023 U	–	[64]
Acetamiprid^e	–	T, 72 h	0.0003 U	–	[64]
Thiamethoxam^e	–	T, 72 h	0.0019 U	–	[64]
Dinotefuran^e	–	T, 72 h	0.0145 U	–	[64]
C. hemipterus
DDT^a	2%	1 h^f	–	–	[39]
α-cypermethrin^d	20 M	72 h^j	–	–	[55]
Permethrin^d	200 M	72 h^j	–	–	[55]
Permethrin^d	0.75%	72 h^f	–	–	[55]
DDT^a	2%	24 h^f	–	–	[56]
Malathion^b	5%	16 h^f	–	–	[56]
Propoxur^c	0.8%	24 h^f	–	–	[56]
Deltamethrin^d	0.025%	C^f	–	–	[56]
Permethrin^d	0.25%	C^f	–	–	[56]
DDT^a	4%	C^f	–	–	[12]
Dieldrin^a	0.8%	C^f	–	–	[12]
Bendiocarb^c	0.1%	C^f	–	–	[12]
Propoxur^c	0.1%	C^f	–	–	[12]
Malathion^b	5%	C^f	–	–	[12]
Fenitrothion^b	1%	C^f	–	–	[12]
Cyfluthrin^d	0.15%	C^f	–	–	[12]
Deltamethrin^d	0.05%	C^f	–	–	[12]
Permethrin^d	0.75%	C^f	–	–	[12]
λ-cyhalothrin^d	0.05%	C^f	–	–	[12]
Etofenprox^d	0.5%	C^f	–	–	[12]
d-allethrin^d	40 mg/mat	24 hⁱ	–	–	[16, 17]

Abbreviations: T topical application, IT injection topical application [113], C continuous exposure, d days, h hours, M mg AI m⁻², U μg μL⁻¹ or μg insect⁻¹
^aChlorinated hydrocarbons
^bOPs
^cCarbamates
^dPyrethroids
^eNeonicotinoids
^fSurface contact on filter paper
^gSurface contact on Hardboard panels
^hSurface contact on glass plates
ⁱSurface contact on mosquito mat
^jSurface contact on netting

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ISSN: 1756-3305

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