Table 4 A comprehensive list of cestode parasites of the golden jackal, Canis aureus
From: A synoptic overview of golden jackal parasites reveals high diversity of species
Family | Species | Origin | Prevalence (%) | Frequency | Intensity | Method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phylum Platyhelminthes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Class Cestoda | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Dilepididae | Aelurotaenia cameroni | India | na | na | na | na | [132] |
Diphyllobothriidae | Diphyllobothrium sp. | Indiaa | na | na | na | CO | [133] |
Diphyllobothrium latum | Bangladesh | 20.0 | 6/30 | na | necropsy | [134] | |
| Â | India | na | na | na | na | [112] | |
Spirometra sp. | Indiaa | na | na | na | CO | [135] | |
Iran | 7.1 | 1/14 | 4 | necropsy | [136] | ||
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (syn. S. erinacei) | Azerbaijan | 25.0 | 19/76 | 1–19 | necropsy | [99] | |
| Â | na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | ||
Azerbaijan (as S. erinacei) | 3.5 | 4/114 | 2–21 | necropsy | [137] | ||
Iran (as S. erinacei) | na | na | na | necropsy | [105] | ||
Spirometra houghtoni | Iran | na | na | na | necropsy | [105] | |
Spirometra mansoni (syn. Bothriocephalus mansoni) | Italy | case report | na | necropsy | [138] | Â | |
Dipylidiidae | Diplopylidium noelleri | Iran | 5.0 | na | na | necropsy | [139] |
Tunisia | 16.0 | 5/31 | 1–66 | necropsy | [140] | ||
Dipylidium caninum (syns Taenia elliptica, T. cucumerina) | Azerbaijan | na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |
Bangladesh | 26.6 | 8/30 | na | necropsy | [134] | ||
Bulgaria | 3.8 | na | na | necropsy | [141] | ||
63.6 | 7/11 | na | necropsy | [142] | |||
Chechnya | 100 | 16/16 | 3–12 | necropsy | [103] | ||
Hungary | 5.0 | 1/20 | 4 | necropsy | [59] | ||
India | na | na | na | na | [143] | ||
| Â | na | na | na | na | [112] | ||
Indiaa | 5.0 | 3/60 | na | CO | [144] | ||
Iran | 7.1 | 1/14 | 4 | necropsy | [136] | ||
10.0 | 4/40 | na | necropsy | [145] | |||
20.0 | 2/10 | na | necropsy | [111] | |||
10.1 | 8/79 | na | necropsy | [139] | |||
33.9 | 19/56 | na | necropsy | [48] | |||
Israel | 46.6 | 7/15 | na | necropsy | [146] | ||
5.8 | 1/17 | na | CO | [19] | |||
Italy | na | na | na | necropsy | [138] | ||
Kazakhstan | 16.6 | 3/18 | 2–8 | necropsy | [147] | ||
Russia | 47.8 | na | na | necropsy | [97] | ||
5.0 | 1/20 | 1.00 ± 0.25 | necropsy | [96] | |||
10.0 | 6/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [107] | |||
8.0 | 12/150 | 1–13 | necropsy | [53] | |||
Serbia | 1.6 | 7/447 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | necropsy | [108] | ||
Tajikistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [148] | ||
Tunisia | na | 1/5 | na | necropsy | [149] | ||
16.0 | 5/31 | 4–67 | necropsy | [140] | |||
Turkey | na | na | na | necropsy | [150] | ||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [151] | ||
na | na | na | necropsy | [152] | |||
Joyeuxiella echinorhynchoides | Azerbaijan | 30.2 | 23/76 | 1–30 | necropsy | [99] | |
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Iran | 27.8 | 5/18 | na | necropsy | [334] | ||
7.5 | 3/40 | na | necropsy | [145] | |||
Turkey | na | na | na | necropsy | [150] | ||
Joyeuxiella pasqualei | Iran | 30.0 | 3/10 | na | necropsy | [111] | |
Mesocestoididae | Mesocestoides sp. group A (oval to elongate cirrus-pouch and short cirrus) | Israel | 8.1 | 7/86 | na | necropsy, ME | [335] |
Mesocestoides sp. group B (broad-oval cirrus-pouch and long, more or less strongly coiled cirrus) | Israel | 15.2 | 13/85 | na | necropsy, ME | Â | |
Mesocestoides sp. | Greece | na | 3/5 | na | necropsy | [104] | |
Tunisia | na | 2/5 | na | necropsy | [149] | ||
Iran | na | 1/1 | na | necropsy | [336] | ||
Bulgaria | 34.6 | na | na | necropsy | [45] | ||
Mesocestoides corti | Azerbaijan | na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |
Tunisia | 12.9 | 4/31 | 1–10 | necropsy | [140] | ||
Mesocestoides lineatus (syn. M. carnivoricolus) | Azerbaijan | 2.6 | 3/114 | 9–47 | necropsy | [137] | |
37.7 | 37/98 | 2–63 | necropsy | [99] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Bulgaria | 27.0 | na | na | necropsy | [101] | ||
72.7 | 8/11 | na | necropsy | [142] | |||
Hungary | 20.0 | 4/20 | na | necropsy | [59] | ||
India | na | na | na | na | [112] | ||
India (as M. carnivoricolus) | na | na | na | necropsy | [337] | ||
Ingushetia | na | 1/2 | na | necropsy | [338] | ||
Iran | 15.0 | 3/20 | na | necropsy | [110] | ||
70.0 | 7/10 | na | necropsy | [111] | |||
36.7 | 29/79 | na | necropsy | [139] | |||
30.3 | 17/56 | na | necropsy | [48] | |||
61.1 | 11/18 | na | necropsy | [334] | |||
Russia | 26.1 | na | na | necropsy | [97] | ||
5.0 | 1/20 | 1.00 ± 0.53 | necropsy | [96] | |||
40.0 | 24/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [339] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [98] | |||
40.0 | 60/150 | 1–128 | necropsy | [53] | |||
Serbia | 5.8 | 26/447 | 69.7 ± 9.3 | necropsy | [108] | ||
Tajikistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [148] | ||
Tunisia | 74.0 | 23/31 | na | necropsy | [140] | ||
Turkey | na | na | na | necropsy | [340] | ||
Ukraine | na | 1/1 | 5 | necropsy | [341] | ||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [151] | ||
na | na | na | necropsy | [152] | |||
Mesocestoides litteratus | Serbia | 4.7 | 21/447 | 64.3 ± 15.1 | necropsy | [108] | |
Tunisia | 23.0 | 7/31 | 6–130 | necropsy | [140] | ||
Mesocestoides petrowi | Azerbaijan | na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |
Russia | na | na | na | necropsy | [342] | ||
Mesocestoides zacharovae | Azerbaijan | case report | na | necropsy | [343] | Â | |
Taeniidae | Echinococcus granulosus | Azerbaijan | 16.3 | 16/98 | 2–400 | necropsy | [99] |
| Â | na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | ||
Bangladesh | 20.0 | 6/30 | na | necropsy | [134] | ||
Bulgaria | 23.0 | na | na | necropsy | [101] | ||
| Â | na | 3/3 | na | PCR | [344] | ||
| Â | 9.0 | 1/11 | na | necropsy | [142] | ||
| Â | 1.9 | na | na | necropsy | [45] | ||
Ceylon | case report | 7 | necropsy | [345] | Â | ||
Chad | 1.2 | 1/82 | na | necropsy | [346] | ||
Chechnya | na | na | na | necropsy | [347] | ||
|  | 12.0 | 2/16 | 8–16 | necropsy | [103] | ||
Chechnya, Ingushetia | na | 2/7 | 74–217 | necropsy | [348] | ||
Hungary | 10.0 | 2/20 | na | necropsy | [59] | ||
India | na | na | na | CO | [349] | ||
Iran | 5.0 | 1/20 | 48 | necropsy | [110] | ||
| Â | na | na | na | necropsy | [105] | ||
| Â | 16.0 | na | na | necropsy | [350] | ||
| Â | 2.3 | 2/86 | na | necropsy | [351] | ||
| Â | 40.0 | 16/40 | na | necropsy | [145] | ||
| Â | 40.0 | 16/40 | na | necropsy | [352] | ||
| Â | 8.9 | 7/79 | na | necropsy | [139] | ||
| Â | 20.0 | 2/10 | na | necropsy | [353] | ||
| Â | 66.7 | 6/9 | na | CO | [353] | ||
| Â | na | 1/1 | na | PCR | [354] | ||
| Â | 3.5 | 2/56 | na | necropsy | [48] | ||
| Â | na | na | na | PCR | [355] | ||
Italy | case report | 1 | necropsy | [356] | Â | ||
Kazakhstan | 5.9 | na | 3–29 | necropsy | [147] | ||
Kenya | 27.2 | 6/22 | < 200 | necropsy | [357] | ||
Palestine | na | na | na | na | [358] | ||
Pakistan | 9.0 | 9/100 | na | necropsy | [359] | ||
Russia | 12.5 | 2/16 | na | necropsy | [360] | ||
| Â | 82.6 | na | na | necropsy | [97] | ||
| Â | 69.8 | na | na | necropsy | [361] | ||
|  | 5.0 | 1/20 | 4.00 ± 2.36 | necropsy | [96] | ||
| Â | 66.0 | 10/15 | na | CO | [362] | ||
| Â | 3.3 | 2/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | ||
| Â | na | na | na | necropsy | [107] | ||
Tajikistan | 30.7 | 4/13 | > 1,000 | necropsy | [363] | ||
Tunisia | na | 1/5 | 72 | necropsy | [149] | ||
| Â | na | 2/2 | na | PCR | [364] | ||
|  | 9.7 | 3/31 | 11–98 | necropsy | [140] | ||
E. multilocularis (syn. Alveococcus multilocularis) | Azerbaijan | 3.7 | 2/54 | 3–5 | necropsy | [99] | |
Hungary | 9.0 | 1/11 | 412 | necropsy | [365] | ||
Ingushetia | na | 1/2 | na | necropsy | [338] | ||
Iran | 16.0 | 4/25 | na | necropsy | [366] | ||
| Â | 50.0 | 5/10 | na | necropsy | [353] | ||
| Â | na | 9/9 | na | CO | [353] | ||
Russia (as Alveococcus multilocularis) | 18.7 | 3/16 | na | necropsy | [360] | ||
Serbia | 14.3 | 4/28 | 4–57 | necropsy | [367] | ||
Tajikistan | 7.7 | 1/13 | na | necropsy | [363] | ||
Uzbekistan | na | 1/4 | na | necropsy | [368] | ||
Multiceps multiceps (syn. Taenia multiceps | Azerbaijan | 8.9 | 8/89 | 2–11 | necropsy | [99] | |
| Â | na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | ||
Bangladesh (as T. multiceps) | 10.0 | 3/30 | na | necropsy | [134] | ||
Bulgaria | 9.0 | na | na | necropsy | [101] | ||
| Â | 9.0 | 1/11 | Â | necropsy | [142] | ||
Chechnya | na | na | na | necropsy | [347] | ||
Iran | 7.5 | 3/40 | Â | necropsy | [145] | ||
India | na | na | na | necropsy | [369] | ||
Kazakhstan | 11.1 | 2/18 | 4–16 | necropsy | [147] | ||
Russia | 39.1 | na | na | necropsy | [97] | ||
Serbia | 1.6 | 7/447 | 3.00 ± 0.53 | necropsy | [108] | ||
Tajikistan | na | 2/6 | na | necropsy | [370] | ||
Ukraine | na | 1/1 | na | necropsy | [341] | ||
Taenia serialis | Kazakhstan | 5.5 | 1/18 | 10 | necropsy | [147] | |
Kenya | na | 2/2 | 42 | PCR | [371] | ||
Serbia | 1.1 | 5/447 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | necropsy | [108] | ||
Taenia sp. | Bulgaria | 23.0 | na | na | necropsy | [141] | |
Greece | na | 1/5 | na | necropsy | [104] | ||
India | na | na | na | na | [143] | ||
Indiaa | 11.6 | 7/60 | na | CO | [144] | ||
Irana | na | 2/2 | 11 ± 2 epg | CO | [372] | ||
Kenya | 60.0 | 3/5 | na | necropsy | [373] | ||
Tunisia | 19 | 6/31 | 1–29 | necropsy | [140] | ||
Taenia crassiceps | Azerbaijan | na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |
Hungary | 40.0 | 8/20 | na | necropsy | [59] | ||
Russia | 25.0 | 15/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | ||
Taenia hydatigena (syn. T. marginata) | Azerbaijan | 15.3 | 14/91 | 1–18 | necropsy | [99] | |
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Bulgaria | 55.0 | na | na | necropsy | [101] | ||
27.2 | 3/11 | na | necropsy | [142] | |||
Chechnya | na | na | na | necropsy | [347] | ||
50.0 | 8/16 | 3–6 | necropsy | [103] | |||
Hungary | 15.0 | 3/20 | na | necropsy | [59] | ||
India | na | na | na | necropsy | [369] | ||
Iran | 7.1 | 1/14 | 2 | necropsy | [136] | ||
40.0 | 16/40 | na | necropsy | [145] | |||
10.0 | 1/10 | na | necropsy | [111] | |||
7.6 | 6/79 | na | necropsy | [139] | |||
7.1 | 4/56 | na | necropsy | [48] | |||
5.6 | 1/18 | na | necropsy | [334] | |||
Italy (as T. marginata) | na | na | na | na | [138] | ||
Kazakhstan | 22.0 | 4/18 | 2–8 | necropsy | [147] | ||
Russia | 6.2 | 1/16 | na | necropsy | [360] | ||
36.8 | 14/38 | 1–3 | necropsy | [374] | |||
34.8 | na | na | necropsy | [97] | |||
5.0 | 1/20 | 3.00 ± 2.18 | necropsy | [96] | |||
1.6 | 1/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [98] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [107] | |||
Serbia | 0.9 | 4/447 | 3.75 ± 1.80 | necropsy | [108] | ||
Tajikistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [148] | ||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [152] | ||
Taenia krabbei | Azerbaijan | 0.8 | 1/114 | 3 | necropsy | [137] | |
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Taenia krepkogorski (syn. Hydatigera krepkogorski) | Azerbaijan | na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |
Taenia ovis | Azerbaijan | 5.1 | 2/39 | 1–2 | necropsy | [99] | |
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Bulgaria | case report | Â | na | necropsy | [375] | ||
Iran | 5.6 | 1/18 | Â | necropsy | [334] | ||
Russia | 39.1 | na | na | necropsy | [97] | ||
Tajikistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [148] | ||
USSR (former) | na | na | na | necropsy | [376] | ||
Taenia pisiformis (syn. T. serrata) | Azerbaijan | 15.7 | 14/89 | 1–6 | necropsy | [99] | |
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Bulgaria | 18.0 | na | na | necropsy | [101] | ||
54.5 | 6/11 | Â | necropsy | [142] | |||
Chechnya | 100 | 16/16 | 3–18 | necropsy | [103] | ||
Greece | na | 1/5 | na | necropsy | [104] | ||
Hungary | 20.0 | 4/20 | na | necropsy | [59] | ||
India (as T. serrata) | na | na | na | na | [377] | ||
na | na | na | necropsy | [369] | |||
Iran | na | na | na | necropsy | [105] | ||
Kazakhstan | 5.5 | 1/18 | 3 | necropsy | [147] | ||
Russia | 17.4 | na | na | necropsy | [97] | ||
3.3 | 2/60 | Â | necropsy | [106] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [107] | |||
16.7 | 25/150 | 1–3 | necropsy | [53] | |||
Serbia | 1.8 | 8/447 | 10.1 ± 2.1 | necropsy | [108] | ||
Tajikistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [148] | ||
Tunisia | 3.2 | 1/31 | 1 | necropsy | [140] | ||
Taenia polyacantha (syn. Tetratirotaenia polyacantha) | Azerbaijan (as Tetratirotaenia polyacantha) | na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |
Turkey | na | na | na | necropsy | [340] | ||
Taenia taeniaeformis (syn. Hydatigera taeneiformis) | Azerbaijan (as H. taeneiformis) | na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |
Tajikistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [148] | ||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [152] |