Fig. 3From: Deer presence rather than abundance determines the population density of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus, in Dutch forestsEffect of small deer exclosures (< 1 ha) on Ixodes ricinus density. Deer exclusion reduced the density of questing nymphs (a) and adults (b) over two years in four paired plots using a Before-After Control-Impact design. Solid lines show the generalized linear mixed model fits for exclosures, and dotted lines the model fits for control plotsBack to article page