Table 5 Target site resistance and detoxification mechanisms detected for An. gambiae and An. funestus populations

An. gambiae, An. coluzzii

Organochlorines

DDT

L1014F & L1014S

cyp6m2, cyp6p3, cyp6p4, cyp6z3, cyp9k1, gstd1-6, gstd1-4

[15, 16, 28, 50]

Dieldrin

RDL^R

[3, 73, 74]

Carbamates

Bendiocarb

cyp6z3, cyp6z1, cyp12f2, cyp6m3, cyp6p4

[52]

Pyrethroids

Permethrin & deltamethrin

L1014F & L1014S

cyp6m2, cyp6p3, cyp6p4, cyp6z3, cyp9k1, gstd1-6, gstd1-4

[15, 16, 28, 30, 50]

An. arabiensis

Organochlorines

DDT

L1014F

[29]

Pyrethroids

Permethrin & deltamethrin

L1014F

cyp4g16, sod3b, gst1-2, sod3a, sod2, tpx4, cyp4h24, cyp6p3, cyp325c2, cyp6ag1

[12, 30, 51]

An. funestus

Organochlorines

DDT

119F-GSTe2

Overexpression of P450 Monooxygenase (suspected)

[3, 14]

Dieldrin

296S-RDL

[3, 14]

Carbamates

Bendiocarb

Pyrethroids

Permethrin & deltamethrin

Overexpression of P450 Monooxygenase (suspected)

[14]