Molecular typing of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by actin gene sequence analysis and carriage of T. vaginalis viruses

Masha, Simon C.; Cools, Piet; Crucitti, Tania; Sanders, Eduard J.; Vaneechoutte, Mario

doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2496-7

Table 1 Univariable and multivariable analysis of characteristics of pregnant women with T. vaginalis attending antenatal care clinic at Kilifi County Hospital, Kenya

From: Molecular typing of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by actin gene sequence analysis and carriage of T. vaginalis viruses

Variable	N = 349	Percentage with T. vaginalis	Crude OR (95% CI)	P-value
Demographic characteristics
Age group (years)
18–24	132	6.8	1.1 (0.4–2.5)	0.894
≥ 25	217	6.5
Religion
Christian	248	5.7
Muslim	54	5.7	1.0 (0.3–3.5)	0.979
Other/None	47	12.8	2.4 (0.9–6.7)	0.083^a
Education
None	63	7.9
Primary	200	7.0	0.9 (0.3–2.5)	0.802
Secondary/Tertiary	86	4.7	0.6 (0.1–2.1)	0.411
Marital status
Single	25	4.0
Married	224	6.8	1.7 (0.2–13.5)	0.593
Residency
Living with partner	255	5.5
Not living with a partner	94	9.6	1.8 (0.8–4.4)	0.178
Employment status
Employed/self-employed	199	5.0
Unemployed	150	8.7	1.8 (0.8–4.2)	0.180
Parity
0	94	6.4	1.1 (0.3–3.5)	0.843
1–2	133	7.5	1.3 (0.5–3.6)	0.570
3+	122	5.7
Gestational age (weeks)^c
14–25	183	5.5
≥ 26	165	7.9	1.5 (0.6–3.4)	0.382
Hygiene characteristics
Toilet type
Flushing toilet	117	7.7
Pit latrine	197	5.1	0.6 (0.3–1.6)	0.350
Bush/Other	35	11.4	1.5 (0.4–5.4)	0.491
Mode of cleaning after visiting the toilet
Tissue paper/Other solid materials	106	2.8
Water	243	8.2	3.1 (0.9–10.5)	0.074^a
Behavioral characteristics
Sexual debut age (years)
≤ 17	106	8.5	1.8 (0.7–4.7)	0.231
≥ 18	183	4.9
Do not know/No response	60	6.7	1.5 (0.4–5.0)	0.523
Number of lifetime sex partners^c
1	158	3.8
2+	189	9.0	2.5 (1.0–6.5)	0.060^a
Polygamous partner
No	303	6.9	1.6 (0.4–7.2)	0.515
Yes	46	4.4
Alcohol consumption ever
No	262	6.5	0.9 (0.4–2.5)	0.894
Yes	87	6.9
Tobacco use
No	332	6.6	1.1 (0.1–8.9)	0.904
Yes	17	5.9
Other drugs/substance use ever
No	332	6.6	1.1 (0.1–8.9)	0.904
Yes	17	5.9
Sexually transmitted infections/reproductive tract infections
HIV
Negative	324	6.2
Positive	25	12.0	2.1 (0.6–7.5)	0.268
Bacterial vaginosis^d
Negative	293	6.5
Positive	53	7.6	1.1 (0.4–3.6)	0.775
Clinical signs and symptoms of STI
Previous history of vaginal discharge
No	122	5.6
Yes	227	7.1	1.2 (0.5–3.1)	0.638
Previous syndromic treatment of genital infection
No	229	6.6
Yes	120	6.7	1.0 (0.4–2.5)	0.967
Current vaginal discharge (self-reported)^c
No	96	3.1
Yes	252	7.9	2.7 (0.8–9.2)	0.119
Abnormal vaginal discharge foul smell/color (observed)^c
No	271	5.9
Yes	77	9.1	1.6 (0.6–4.0)	0.324
Dysuria^c
No	263	6.1
Yes	85	8.2	1.4 (0.5–3.5)	0.489
Dyspareunia^c
No	245	4.9
Yes	103	10.7	2.3 (1.0–5.4)	0.053
Vaginal itching^c
No	231	6.5
Yes	117	6.8	1.1 (0.4–2.6)	0.903
Lower abdominal pain^c
No	169	8.3
Yes	179	5.0	0.6 (0.2–1.4)	0.226
Genital warts^c
No	341	6.2
Yes	7	28.6	6.1 (1.1–33.3)	0.037^a
Genital ulcer (observed)^c
No	338	5.6
Yes	10	40.0	11.2 (2.9–43.1)	< 0.001^b
Vaginitis^c
No	334	6.6
Yes	14	7.1	1.1 (0.1–8.7)	0.935
Symptomatic^c
No	145	6.9
Yes	203	6.4	0.9 (0.4–2.2)	0.855

^aSignificant in univariable analysis
^bSignificant on multivariable association; symptomatic (any or a combination of the three symptoms, i.e. genital ulcer, lower abdominal pain or abnormal vaginal discharge)
^cMissing data/some participants did not respond to this question(s)
^dBacterial vaginosis results for three participants were not available due to poor slides

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