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Table 2 Species of hard ticks (Ixodidae) and their bird hosts studied from 1995 to 2016 in Taiwan

From: Tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from birds in Taiwan

Tick species

No. of ticks

Avian host species (no. of birds the ticks were removed from; abundance of tick life stages)

Genus Amblyomma

  Amblyomma spp.

6

Turnix suscitator (1; 6L)

Genus Haemaphysalis

  Haemaphysalis doenitzi

42

Centropus bengalensis (10; 3N, 16A); Sinosuthora webbiana (1; 14L); Phasianus colchicus (2; 2L, 7A)

  Haemaphysalis flava b

1

Turdus pallidus c (1; 1N)

  Haemaphysalis formosensis b

2

Turdus hortulorum c (1; 1N); Zoothera dauma c (1; 1N)

  Haemaphysalis hystricis b

12

Pomatorhinus musicus (1; 7N); Z. dauma c (3; 5N)

  Haemaphysalis ornithophila

21

Lophura swinhoii (1; 4N); T. pallidus c (1; 1A); Z. dauma c (7; 16A)

  Haemaphysalis wellingtoni a

17

Centropus sinensis (1; 3L, 3N, 11A)

  Haemaphysalis spp.

6

Alcippe morrisonia (1; 1N); C. bengalensis (1; 1N); Otus spilocephalus (1; 1L); Parus monticolus (1; 1L); P. colchicus (1; 1N); Z. dauma c (1; 1L)

Genus Ixodes

  Ixodes columnae a

17

A. morrisonia (1; 2L); Horornis acanthizoides (1; 1?); Emberiza spodocephala c (1; 1L); Ficedula hyperythra (1; 1L); L. swinhoii (1; 3L); S. webbiana (2; 2L); Tarsiger indicus (1; 2L); T. pallidus c (2; 4L); Yuhina brunneiceps (1; 1L)

  Ixodes granulatus b

5

E. spodocephala c (4; 1L, 3N); T. pallidus c (1; 1A)

  Ixodes nipponensis b

1

Phylloscopus fuscatus c (1; 1N)

  Ixodes turdus a

4

Anthus hodgsoni c (1; 1A); Prinia inornata (1; 1N); Turdus chrysolaus c (1; 1N); T. pallidus c (1; 1A)

  Ixodes spp.

4

Tarsiger johnstoniae (1; 1L); Locustella alishanensis (1; 1N); Cyanoderma ruficeps (1; 1L); T. pallidus c (1; 1L)

Genus Rhipicephalus

  Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides b

1

T. chrysolaus c (1; 1A)

  1. Abbreviations: L larva, N nymph, A adult
  2. aNewly recorded species in Taiwan
  3. bFirst record on birds in Taiwan
  4. cMigratory species