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Table 4 Pathogen species or closely related species identified in hard ticks (Ixodidae) collected from birds from 1995 to 2016 in Taiwan

From: Tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from birds in Taiwan

Pathogen species

Tick species (no. of detections in different life stages)

Avian host of ticks (no. of ticks)

Protozoa

  Babesia microti

Ixodes granulatus (1L)

Emberiza spodocephala c (1)

Bacteria

  

Order Spirochaetales

  

Family Spirochaetaceae

  Borrelia valaisiana

Ixodes granulatus (1L, 2Na)

E. spodocephala c (3)

  Borrelia turdi

Ixodes turdus (1N, 1A)

Turdus chrysolaus c (1); Turdus pallidus c (1)

Order Rickettsiales

  

Family Anaplasmataceae

  Anaplasma sp. clone BJ01

Haemaphysalis ornithophila (1N)

Lophura swinhoii (1)

  Ehrlichia sp. BL157-9

Haemaphysalis flava (1N)

T. pallidus c (1)

Family Rickettsiaceae

  Rickettsia conorii

Haemaphysalis ornithophila (1A)

Zoothera dauma c (1)

  Rickettsia helvetica

Ixodes columnae (8Lb)

Alcippe morrisonia (1); Ficedula hyperythra (1); Lophura swinhoii (1); Tarsiger indicus (1); T. pallidus c (4)

  Rickettsia monacensis

Ixodes nipponensis (1N)

Phylloscopus fuscatus (1)

  1. Abbreviations: L larva, N nymph, A adult
  2. aThe three Ixodes granulatus were removed from three different Emberiza spodocephala
  3. bThree of the eight Ixodes columnae were removed from the same individual Turdus pallidus
  4. cMigratory species