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Table 4 Pooled prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in HIV-infected patients

From: Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, microsporidia and Isospora infection in HIV-infected people: a global systematic review and meta-analysis

 

No. of studies

No. of HIV-infected patients

No. of patients with Cryptosporidium co-infection

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium co-infection (95% CI) (%)

Heterogeneity

Univariate meta-regression

P-value

I2 (%)

Coefficient (95% CI) (%)

P-value

Region

      

0.20 (0.01–0.38)

0.039

 Western and central Europe and North America

10

28,283

1042

7.3 (5.4–9.2)

< 0.0001

97.0

  

 Sub-Saharan Africa

35

5313

1105

21.1 (16.1–26.1)

< 0.0001

98.5

  

 Asia and the Pacific

45

7529

896

12.6 (10.5–14.7)

< 0.0001

94.1

  

 Latin America and the Caribbean

10

1272

121

13.0 (7.3–18.7)

< 0.0001

94.0

  

 Middle East and North Africa

4

702

43

4.7 (0.5–8.8)

< 0.0001

88.1

  

 Eastern Europe and central Asia

2

119

76

60.1 (24.1–96.1)

< 0.0001

94.4

  

Income level

    

< 0.0001

 

0.12 (-0.12–0.37)

0.328

 Low income

16

2559

460

19.7 (13.3–26.1)

< 0.0001

96.6

  

 Middle income

76

11,559

1722

14.8 (13.3–16.4)

< 0.0001

97.5

  

 High income

14

29,100

1101

7.7 (6.0–9.5)

< 0.0001

96.2

  

Patients with diarrhea

    

< 0.0001

 

0.19 (0.05–0.33)

0.009

 Yes

34

4232

625

18.2 (14.6–21.7)

< 0.0001

97.3

  

 Mixed

66

37,517

2306

11.8 (10.6–13.0)

< 0.0001

96.7

  

 na

6

1469

352

29.4 (12.4–46.4)

< 0.0001

98.7

  

Total

106

43,218

3283

14.0 (13.0–15.0)

< 0.0001

97.6

  
  1. Abbreviations: Yes, patients with diarrhea; Mixed, including patients with or without diarrhea; na, not applicable (parameter not provided)