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Table 2 Determinants of hookworm and S. stercoralis mono- and co-infection. RRR in bold were significant at 5% level. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2010 in 60 villages of Preah Vihear Province, North Cambodia, among 2502 participants aged 1 year and older

From: Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm co-infection: spatial distribution and determinants in Preah Vihear Province, Cambodia

Variable

Category

S. stercoralis mono-infection

Hookworm mono-infection

Co-infection

  

RRR

95% BCI

RRR

95% BCI

RRR

95% BCI

Sex

Female

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Male

2.01

1.56–2.54

1.47

1.15–1.88

2.06

1.65–2.62

Age (years)

6–18

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

< 6

0.69

0.40–1.22

0.29

0.15–0.52

0.25

0.15–0.40

19–49

1.18

0.88–1.56

1.06

0.79–1.41

0.74

0.56–0.97

≥ 50

1.59

1.06–2.37

0.87

0.57–1.33

0.86

0.57–1.27

Socioeconomic status

Least poor

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Poor

1.1

0.82–1.49

0.79

0.58–1.08

1.13

0.84–1.51

Poorest

1.56

1.13–2.17

1.49

1.07–2.05

1.67

1.22–2.33

Own dog

No

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Yes

1.21

0.92–1.60

0.99

0.76–1.29

0.89

0.68–1.16

Reported regular defecation place

Forest

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Toilet

0.65

0.41–1.01

0.51

0.31–0.83

0.43

0.25–0.71

Rice field of water

0.84

0.54–1.31

0.72

0.44–1.16

0.92

0.62–1.37

Behind the house

0.9

0.66–1.27

1.1

0.79–1.52

1.17

0.84–1.61

Boiling drinking water

Never

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Yes during dry or wet season but not both

1.13

0.66–2.02

1.9

1.18–3.12

1.29

0.77–2.15

Yes both dry and wet season

1.14

0.81–1.63

0.78

0.54–1.13

0.67

0.47–0.95

Wearing shoes, frequency

Often or always

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Sometimes or never

0.47

0.29–0.76

0.71

0.46–1.09

0.88

0.61–1.30

Do you know anything about worms?

No

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Yes

1.29

0.92–1.85

1.1

0.78–1.58

1.48

1.06–2.07

Distance to health facility (minutes)

Close (1–20)

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Less close (21–30)

1.06

0.73–1.55

1.18

0.77–1.71

1.53

1.07–2.28

Least close (≥ 31)

1.1

0.70–1.80

1.3

0.78–2.12

1.7

1.09–2.73

Not applicableb

0.9

0.62–1.33

1.13

0.76–1.67

1.32

0.88–1.96

Ever treated for worms

No or don’t know

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Yes

0.79

0.59–1.06

0.58

0.43–0.77

0.43

0.32–0.57

District

Tbaeng Mean Chey

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Rovieng

0.78

0.40–1.27

0.29

0.19–0.46

0.24

0.13–0.43

Chey Saen

0.97

0.48–1.77

0.34

0.20–0.58

0.51

0.25–0.97

Choam Khsant

1.96

0.93–3.76

0.59

0.32–1.04

2.33

1.18–4.31

Sangkom Thmei

0.9

0.39–1.96

2.09

1.13–4.04

2.35

1.04–4.70

Kuleaen

1.33

0.62–2.51

1.1

0.61–1.98

2.49

1.25–5.09

  1. aThe relative rate ratio for each multinomial outcome category compares the risk to that of non-infected participants (baseline outcome group)
  2. bParticipants who never used the health facility
  3. Abbreviations: RRR relative rate ratio (posterior median), BCI Bayesian credible interval