Table 2 Present and potential measures^a to control TBDs. This table is modified from Eisen & Gray [241]. There is not a single method that effectively controls all TBDs. National and local strategies, which combine several methods probably work best [191, 192]. Anti-tick vaccines blocking pathogen transmission in humans and domestic animals might encompass the silver bullet to control TBDs. Hygiene measures^b involve checking for tick bites, prompt removal, and most importantly, seek medical advice when developing symptoms (e.g. fever, skin rash) or illness in weeks to months after a tick bite

Avoid tick habitats

Avoid tick habitats

Xeriscaping/ Hardscaping

Awareness for visitors

Increase awareness and knowledge of medical doctors

Protective clothing

Treatments with topical or systematic acaricides

Keep grass short, remove weeds, remove leaf litter and brush

Reduce tick abundance on sites with high recreational activities

Deer fencing

Technical improvement of laboratory tests

Repellents

Hygiene measures^b

Remove harborages/food for rodents and insectivores

Avoidance tick habitats/ directing visitor flows

Deer removal

Improvement of diagnostic/clinical pathways

Acaricide-impregnated clothing

Fencing to exclude wildlife

Mowing/extensive grazing of paths and recreational sites

Topical acaricide for propagation hosts (deer)

Improve cure and care of patients with late LB and persisting complaints

Hygiene measures^b

Move play/rest structures to low risk areas

Create open habitats rather than woodlands

Sheep mopping

Prophylactic antibiotic treatment after a tick bite

Control ticks on dogs/ cats and in gardens

Chemical/fungal acaricides

Topical acaricide/antibiotics for rodents

sTBE vaccine

TBE vaccine

Oral LB vaccine for rodents^a

LB vaccine^a

LB vaccine

Oral tick growth regulator/acaricide^a

Tick vaccine^a

Tick vaccine^a

Tick vaccine^a