Fig. 2

Illustration of modified Baermann funnel techniques. This technique is considered as the gold standard for the diagnosis of lungworm infections in cat and dog faeces. a A household funnel is combined with a plastic tube of 10 cm length and closed by a metal tubing clamp. The funnel is filled with handwarm tap-water. Then a wire mesh screen (9 cm diameter, 0.20–0.25 mm aperture) has to be set in the top of the funnel. b Modification by Conboy et al. [104]: instead of a funnel, 50 ml screw-top centrifuge tubes containing warm tap water are used. The faeces need to be placed in a double layer of cheesecloth, placed in the tube and the cap is screwed onto the tube catching a small part of the cheesecloth to keep it in place at the top at the tube. (Pictures taken by Malin K. Lange, Institute of Parasitology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen)