Fig. 1

Estimating permethrin resistance related to P450 activity. a Mortality rates following permethrin exposure (white bars) and PBO + permethrin exposure (grey bars). The Anopheles genotype tested is indicated on the X-axis. Error bars indicate standard error. P-values were calculated using Fisher’s exact test. b Knockdown times following permethrin exposure (white bars) and PBO + permethrin exposure (grey bars). The Y-axis is the time (minutes) until 50% of the individuals were considered knocked down (kdT50). Each assay was performed with 4 replicate cages of 10 individuals each. Error bars indicate the 95% confidence interval. P-values were calculated using a t-test