Fig. 3
Exposure of adult females to C.sp_P causes increased larval mortality and slows rate of development in offspring. Adult female A. gambiae mosquitoes were fed a 107 CFU/ml dose of planktonic C.sp_P or an equal volume of PBS in a 1.5% sucrose meal. Two days later, they were given a blood meal and allowed to oviposit. Eggs were collected and hatched, and survival and development time of offspring was monitored. a The survival of larval offspring of C.sp_P-exposed females was reduced significantly relative to larval offspring of control females (χ2 = 43.1, df = 1, P < 0.0001), and time to pupation was lengthened as well (χ2 = 101, df =1, P < 0.0001). Maternal C.sp_P exposure extended the median time to pupation by 24 h (PBS median time to pupation = 8 days, C.sp_P median time to pupation = 9 days). This experiment was repeated twice; total sample sizes were nPBS = 200, nC.sp_P = 200. b The survival of pupal offspring of C.sp_P-exposed females was not significantly different from that of pupal offspring of control females (χ2 = 0.2, df = 1, P = 0.67). However, time to eclosion was significantly lengthened in offspring of C.sp_P-treated mothers (χ2 = 103, df = 1, P < 0.0001). Maternal C.sp_P exposure extended the median time to eclosion by 48 h (PBS median time to eclosion = 9 days, C.sp_P median time to eclosion = 11 days). This experiment was repeated four times; total sample sizes were nPBS = 252, nC.sp_P = 120. c The longevity of adult offspring of C.sp_P-exposed females did not differ significantly from that of adult offspring of control females (z = 1.073, P = 0.28). This experiment was repeated three times; total sample sizes were nPBS = 105, nC.sp_P = 65. Data were analyzed using Log-Rank tests (for a and b) and Cox proportional hazards model including treatment and replicate (for c)