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Table 3 Parameter estimates and test statistics for negative binomial models of incidence of tick-borne diseases in Norway 2006–2015. For Lyme borreliosis, the data include both western and eastern parts of Norway. For the livestock diseases, the analyses only include western Norway due to few livestock-disease cases in the east. Continuous variables were scaled (mean = 0, SD = 1)

From: Tick abundance, pathogen prevalence, and disease incidence in two contrasting regions at the northern distribution range of Europe

Parameter

Estimate

SE

Z

P

Lyme borreliosis

 Intercept

-10.86

0.85

-12.80

< 0.001

 Distance to coast

-1.00

0.34

-2.99

0.003

 Region (‘west’ vs ‘east’)

3.47

1.06

3.27

0.001

 Prop. area > 200 masl

-2.15

0.76

-2.83

0.005

 sqrt(prop. area human settlement)

-0.55

0.18

-2.97

0.003

 Region (‘west’ vs ‘east’)*(Prop. area > 200 masl)

1.71

0.75

2.29

0.022

Babesiosis cattle

 Intercept

-5.09

0.15

-32.89

< 0.001

 Distance to coast

-0.35

0.15

-2.29

0.022

 log(spatial deer density+0.001)

0.64

0.19

3.37

0.001

Anaplasmosis cattle

 Intercept

-5.33

0.22

-24.59

< 0.001

 Distance to coast

-0.29

0.21

-1.38

0.169

 sqrt(prop. area agricultural fields)

0.64

0.24

2.65

0.008

Anaplasmosis sheep

 Intercept

-6.25

0.35

-18.02

< 0.001

 Distance to coast

-1.93

0.38

-5.07

< 0.001

 Health recordings

0.56

0.25

2.25

0.024

 log(density of outfield grazing sheep)

1.58

0.40

3.98

< 0.001