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Table 4 Univariate analysis of risk factors related to infestations of buffaloes by ticks and lice (individual animal-level) in the municipality of Santarém, Amazon region, Brazil

From: Prevalence and risk factors associated with ectoparasite infestation of buffaloes in an Amazonian ecosystem

Risk factor

Ticks

Lice

 

Positive/total (%)

P a

OR (95% CI)

Positive/total (%)

P a

OR (95% CI)

Sex

 

0.908

1.03 (0.56−1.88)

 

0.260

0.74 (0.43−1.20)

 Male

19/236 (8.0)

  

49/385 (12.7)

  

 Female

30/385 (7.7)

  

23/236 (9.7)

  

Age (months)

 

< 0.001

b

 

0.002

d

 1–12

29/153 (18.9)

  

10/153 (6.5)

  

 13–24

10/222 (4.5)

  

39/222 (17.5)

  

 > 24

10/246 (4.0)

  

23/246 (9.3)

  

Type

 

0.209

1.50 (0.79−2.86)

 

0.149

1.48 (0.86−2.53)

 Dairy

35/392 (8.9)

  

21/229 (9.1)

  

 Beef

14/229 (6.1)

  

51/392 (13.0)

  

Herd size

 

0.006

c

 

0.025

e

 Micro

12/218 (5.5)

  

17/218 (7.8)

  

 Small

37/347 (10.6)

  

51/347 (14.7)

  

 Medium

0/56 (0.0)

  

4/56 (7.1)

  

Farm site

 

< 0.001

25.81 (3.53−188.50)

 

< 0.001

5.07 (2.28−11.29)

 Dry land

48/420 (11.5)

  

65/420 (15.4)

  

 Floodplain

1/201 (0.5)

  

7/201 (3.4)

  

Origin

 

0.102

1.88 (0.87−4.07)

 

0.020

 

 Bought

9/70 (12.8)

  

14/70 (20.0)

  

 Born on farm

40/551 (7.2)

  

58/551 (10.5)

  

Maintained with other animals

 

0.010

0.46 (0.25−0.84)

 

0.249

1.38 (0.79–2.40)

 Yes

25/420 (5.9)

  

53/420 (12.6)

  

 No

24/201 (11.9)

  

19/201 (9.4)

  
  1. aCalculated using Chi-square or Fisher's tests
  2. bAge (months): 1–12 vs 13–24 months (OR: 4.96, P = 0.001); 1–12 vs > 24 months (OR: 5.52, P = 0.001); 13−24 vs > 24 months (OR: 1.11, P = 0.814)
  3. cHerd size: micro vs small (OR: 0.49, P = 0.033); micro vs medium (OR: 6.84, P = 0.134); small vs medium (OR: 13.65, P = 0.005)
  4. dAge (months): 1–12 vs 13–24 months (OR: 0.33, P = 0.002); 1–12 vs > 24 months (OR: 0.68, P = 0.321); 13−24 vs > 24 months (OR: 2.07, P = 0.009)
  5. eHerd size: micro vs small (OR: 0.49, P = 0.014); micro vs medium (OR: 1.10, P = 1.000); small vs medium (OR: 2.24, P = 0.146)
  6. Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval
  7. Note: Herd size: micro (1−15 animals); small (16−100 animals); medium (101−500 animals)