From: Epidemiology and ecology of West Nile virus in sub-Saharan Africa
Country | Area (km2)a | Population estimate for 2015 (millions)b | Reference | Observation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Countries where WNV has been detected through virus isolation | ||||
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2,344,858 | 71.2 | [58] | WNV outbreak in an army camp |
Djibouti | 23,200 | 0.9 | [82] | Detection of WNV in Culex mosquitoes |
Gabon | 267,667 | 1.7 | [83] | Human case of WNV |
Madagascar | 587,041 | 24.2 | [15, 84,85,86] | WNV detected in birds, mosquitoes and humans. Serological evidence for WNV in lemurs and horses |
Namibia | 824,292 | 2.4 | [87] | WNV detected in humans |
Senegal | 196,722 | 15.0 | [3, 88] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans. Detection of multiple lineages of WNV |
South Africa | 1,219,090 | 53.5 | [10, 14, 62] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans, detection in mosquitoes, disease in horses; neurological disease in humans |
Uganda | 241,038 | 40.1 | [11] | Isolation of virus from humans |
Countries where WNV has been detected by serology only | ||||
Central African Republic | 622,984 | 4.8 | [53] | Serological evidence for WNV |
Chad | 1,284,000 | 13.6 | [56] | High seroprevalence among horses |
Côte d'Ivoire | 322,463 | 21.3 | [55] | High seroprevalence among horses |
Ethiopia | 1,104,300 | 98.9 | [52] | Serological evidence of WNV |
Ghana | 238,533 | 26.4 | [89] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans |
Kenya | 580,367 | 46.7 | [50] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans |
Mali | 1,240,192 | 16.2 | [90] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans |
Nigeria | 923,768 | 182 | [57, 91] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans and horses |
Sierra Leone | 71,740 | 6.3 | [92] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans |
Sudan | 1,861,484 | 39.6 | [52] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans |
Tanzania | 947,300 | 52.3 | [51] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans |
Zambia | 752,618 | 15.5 | [93] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans |
Countries that have not reported the presence of WNV | ||||
Angola | 1,246,700 | 22.8 | na | – |
Benin | 112,622 | 10.9 | na | – |
Botswana | 581,730 | 2.0 | na | – |
Burkina Faso | 274,200 | 17.9 | na | – |
Burundi | 27,830 | 10.8 | [54] | No evidence for WNV found |
Cameroon | 475,440 | 23.4 | [94] | No evidence for WNV found |
Congo | 342,000 | 4.7 | na | – |
Eritrea | 117,600 | 6.7 | na | – |
Equatorial Guinea | 28,051 | 0.8 | na | – |
Guinea | 245,857 | 12.3 | na | – |
Guinea-Bissau | 36,125 | 1.8 | na | – |
Lesotho | 30,355 | 2.1 | na | – |
Liberia | 111,369 | 4.5 | na | – |
Malawi | 118,484 | 17.3 | na | – |
Mauritania | 1,030,700 | 4.1 | na | – |
Mozambique | 799,380 | 27.1 | na | – |
Niger | 1,267,000 | 19.3 | na | – |
Rwanda | 26,338 | 12.4 | na | – |
Somalia | 637,657 | 11.1 | na | – |
South Sudan | 644,329 | 12.1 | na | – |
Swaziland | 17,364 | 1.3 | na | – |
The Gambia | 11,295 | 2.0 | na | – |
Togo | 56,785 | 7.2 | na | – |
Zimbabwe | 390,757 | 15.0 | na | – |