Table 1 Investigations for the presence of WNV in sub-Saharan Africa. The order of countries reflects those where WNV has been detected through virus isolation, those where WNV has been detected through serosurveillance and those where WNV has not been detected or no studies have been reported
From: Epidemiology and ecology of West Nile virus in sub-Saharan Africa
| Country | Area (km2)a | Population estimate for 2015 (millions)b | Reference | Observation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Countries where WNV has been detected through virus isolation | ||||
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2,344,858 | 71.2 | [58] | WNV outbreak in an army camp |
| Djibouti | 23,200 | 0.9 | [82] | Detection of WNV in Culex mosquitoes |
| Gabon | 267,667 | 1.7 | [83] | Human case of WNV |
| Madagascar | 587,041 | 24.2 | [15, 84,85,86] | WNV detected in birds, mosquitoes and humans. Serological evidence for WNV in lemurs and horses |
| Namibia | 824,292 | 2.4 | [87] | WNV detected in humans |
| Senegal | 196,722 | 15.0 | [3, 88] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans. Detection of multiple lineages of WNV |
| South Africa | 1,219,090 | 53.5 | [10, 14, 62] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans, detection in mosquitoes, disease in horses; neurological disease in humans |
| Uganda | 241,038 | 40.1 | [11] | Isolation of virus from humans |
| Countries where WNV has been detected by serology only | ||||
| Central African Republic | 622,984 | 4.8 | [53] | Serological evidence for WNV |
| Chad | 1,284,000 | 13.6 | [56] | High seroprevalence among horses |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 322,463 | 21.3 | [55] | High seroprevalence among horses |
| Ethiopia | 1,104,300 | 98.9 | [52] | Serological evidence of WNV |
| Ghana | 238,533 | 26.4 | [89] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans |
| Kenya | 580,367 | 46.7 | [50] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans |
| Mali | 1,240,192 | 16.2 | [90] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans |
| Nigeria | 923,768 | 182 | [57, 91] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans and horses |
| Sierra Leone | 71,740 | 6.3 | [92] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans |
| Sudan | 1,861,484 | 39.6 | [52] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans |
| Tanzania | 947,300 | 52.3 | [51] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans |
| Zambia | 752,618 | 15.5 | [93] | Serological evidence for WNV in humans |
| Countries that have not reported the presence of WNV | ||||
| Angola | 1,246,700 | 22.8 | na | – |
| Benin | 112,622 | 10.9 | na | – |
| Botswana | 581,730 | 2.0 | na | – |
| Burkina Faso | 274,200 | 17.9 | na | – |
| Burundi | 27,830 | 10.8 | [54] | No evidence for WNV found |
| Cameroon | 475,440 | 23.4 | [94] | No evidence for WNV found |
| Congo | 342,000 | 4.7 | na | – |
| Eritrea | 117,600 | 6.7 | na | – |
| Equatorial Guinea | 28,051 | 0.8 | na | – |
| Guinea | 245,857 | 12.3 | na | – |
| Guinea-Bissau | 36,125 | 1.8 | na | – |
| Lesotho | 30,355 | 2.1 | na | – |
| Liberia | 111,369 | 4.5 | na | – |
| Malawi | 118,484 | 17.3 | na | – |
| Mauritania | 1,030,700 | 4.1 | na | – |
| Mozambique | 799,380 | 27.1 | na | – |
| Niger | 1,267,000 | 19.3 | na | – |
| Rwanda | 26,338 | 12.4 | na | – |
| Somalia | 637,657 | 11.1 | na | – |
| South Sudan | 644,329 | 12.1 | na | – |
| Swaziland | 17,364 | 1.3 | na | – |
| The Gambia | 11,295 | 2.0 | na | – |
| Togo | 56,785 | 7.2 | na | – |
| Zimbabwe | 390,757 | 15.0 | na | – |