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Table 4 Adulticidal activity of permethrin and its combinations with EO or PBO against pyrethroid susceptible (MCM-S) and resistant (PMD-R) strains of Ae. aegypti

From: Synergy in the adulticidal efficacy of essential oils for the improvement of permethrin toxicity against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae)

Chemical/mosquito

%mortality

Adulticidal activity (95% CI, ng/mg female)

χ2

df

SE

RC

SR

Effect

(ng/mg female)

(mean ± SE)

LD50

LD95

LD99

      

Permethrin (PE)

MCM-S

 

0.44

0.76

0.89

0.52

2

0.62

5.17

ND

ND

 0.3

22.25 ± 1.36

(0.41–0.46)

(0.69–0.86)

(0.80–1.03)

      

 0.4

44.75 ± 0.91

         

 0.5

60.75 ± 0.40

         

 0.6

79.75 ± 0.85

         

PMD-R

 

3.7

10.41

13.19

0.76

2

0.03

0.24

ND

ND

 2

31.75 ± 1.48

(3.01–4.25)

(9.18–12.40)

(11.43–16.08)

      

 4

56.50 ± 2.63

         

 6

70.75 ± 1.70

         

 8

84.75 ± 1.36

         

PE+C. rotundus (LD25)

MCM-S

 

0.07

0.28

0.36

4.36

3

0.94

7.99

6.28

Synergistic

 0.0125

25.25 ± 1.89

(0.06–0.09)

(0.24–0.34)

(0.31–0.45)

      

 0.025

35.75 ± 1.95

         

 0.05

49.50 ± 2.47

         

 0.1

61.75 ± 2.03

         

 0.2

82.50 ± 1.01

         

PMD-R

 

0.42

2.03

2.7

8.55

4

0.1

1.02

8.81

Synergistic

 0.125

29.25 ± 0.60

(0.09–0.65)

(1.62–2.90)

(2.12–3.96)

      

 0.25

42.50 ± 0.81

         

 0.5

63.50 ± 1.45

         

 1

75.00 ± 1.25

         

 1.5

85.75 ± 1.41

         

 2

92.75 ± 2.23

         

PE+A. galanga (LD25)

MCM-S

 

0.11

0.44

0.57

2.15

2

0.6

5.09

4

Synergistic

 0.0625

35.00 ± 1.25

(0.08–0.14)

(0.38–0.52)

(0.49–0.70)

      

 0.125

57.00 ± 1.44

         

 0.25

76.75 ± 0.83

         

 0.5

96.75 ± 5.40

         

PMD-R

 

0.003

0.015

0.021

5.51

2

17.88

135.02

1,233.33

Synergistic

 0.0015625

33.50 ± 1.20

(-0.031–0.008)

(0.010–0.197)

(0.013–0.290)

      

 0.003125

53.50 ± 1.15

         

 0.00625

71.75 ± 2.11

         

 0.0125

86.50 ± 1.09

         

PE+C. verum (LD25)

MCM-S

 

0.42

0.89

1.08

0.88

3

0.43

3.53

1.05

No effect

 0.2

22.25 ± 1.78

(0.39–0.46)

(0.79–1.05)

(0.95–1.30)

      

 0.3

34.00 ± 2.39

         

 0.4

45.75 ± 2.34

         

 0.5

57.50 ± 1.63

         

 0.6

76.00 ± 1.83

         

PMD-R

 

3.85

11.04

14.01

0.38

2

0.03

0.23

0.96

No effect

 2

32.00 ± 2.42

(3.14–4.43)

(9.64–13.36)

(12.03–17.36)

      

 4

53.25 ± 2.82

         

 6

69.75 ± 3.29

         

 8

81.75 ± 3.42

         

PE+PBO (LD25)

MCM-S

 

0.26

0.68

0.86

0.65

2

0.61

3.86

1.69

Synergistic

 0.2

41.00 ± 1.84

(0.21–0.29)

(0.60–0.84)

(0.74–1.10)

      

 0.3

55.00 ± 2.18

         

 0.4

73.75 ± 2.28

         

 0.5

81.00 ± 1.95

         

PMD-R

 

0.65

1.41

1.72

1.76

2

0.3

2.17

5.69

Synergistic

 0.4

26.25 ± 1.59

(0.58–0.71)

(1.24–1.68)

(1.50–2.11)

      

 0.6

51.00 ± 2.14

         

 0.8

63.25 ± 1.91

         

 1

76.00 ± 2.28

         
  1. Abbreviations: RC, regression coefficient, SR, synergistic ratio, ND, not determined
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