Table 3 Univariate analysis of the association of knowledge of schistosomiasis and MDA with non-compliance to the last MDA conducted in Northern Samar, the Philippines (n = 2146)
Knowledge | Response | N | Non-compliant | Odds ratio | 95% CI | P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | ||||||
Has heard of schistosomiasis | No | 21 | 14 (66.7) | 1.00 | Â | Â |
Yes | 2125 | 578 (27.2) | 0.15 | 0.05–0.45 | 0.001 | |
Identified at least 1 schistosomiasis sign or symptom | No | 382 | 103 (27.0) | 1.00 | Â | Â |
Yes | 1764 | 489 (27.7) | 0.97 | 0.72–1.29 | 0.814 | |
How schistosomiasis is acquired | ||||||
 • Contact with infected areas/waters | No | 271 | 97 (35.8) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 1875 | 495 (26.4) | 0.56 | 0.41–0.78 | <0.001 | |
 • Open defecation and poor sanitation | No | 1560 | 398 (25.5) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 586 | 194 (33.1) | 1.48 | 1.16–1.88 | 0.001 | |
 • Drinking dirty water | No | 1950 | 523 (26.8) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 196 | 69 (35.2) | 1.43 | 1.00–2.05 | 0.053 | |
 • Others | No | 2012 | 563 (28.0) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 134 | 29 (21.6) | 0.64 | 0.39–1.04 | 0.072 | |
Prevention and control | ||||||
 • Can schistosomiasis be prevented? | No | 671 | 168 (25.0) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 1263 | 356 (28.2) | 1.23 | 0.96–1.58 | 0.105 | |
Don’t know | 212 | 68 (32.1) | 1.40 | 0.94–2.08 | 0.094 | |
 • Avoid contact with infected water | No | 1511 | 411 (27.2) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 635 | 181 (28.5) | 1.02 | 0.81–1.30 | 0.841 | |
 • Participating in MDA | No | 1719 | 469 (27.3) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 427 | 123 (28.8) | 1.18 | 0.90–1.56 | 0.235 | |
 • Use sanitary toilets | No | 1828 | 495 (27.1) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 318 | 97 (30.5) | 1.18 | 0.87–1.59 | 0.287 | |
 • Avoid drinking dirty water | No | 1982 | 529 (26.7) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 164 | 63 (38.4) | 1.66 | 1.13–2.46 | 0.011 | |
 • Use rubber boots | No | 1963 | 549 (28.0) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 183 | 43 (23.5) | 0.84 | 0.55–1.27 | 0.404 | |
 • Other prevention and control methods | No | 2045 | 566 (27.7) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 101 | 26 (25.7) | 0.94 | 0.56–1.59 | 0.819 | |
Treatment | ||||||
 • Can schistosomiasis be treated? | No | 119 | 39 (32.8) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 1924 | 504 (26.2) | 0.71 | 0.45–1.13 | 0.140 | |
Don’t know | 103 | 49 (47.6) | 1.95 | 1.03–3.69 | 0.040 | |
 • Taking drugs to treat schistosomiasis | No | 729 | 226 (31.0) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 1417 | 366 (25.8) | 0.78 | 0.62–0.99 | 0.040 | |
 • Other ways schistosomiasis is treated | No | 1857 | 492 (26.5) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 289 | 100 (34.6) | 1.48 | 1.08–2.02 | 0.014 | |
 • Are there adverse reactions to praziquantel? | No | 577 | 157 (27.2) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 1243 | 305 (24.5) | 0.77 | 0.59–1.02 | 0.067 | |
Don’t know | 326 | 130 (39.9) | 2.14 | 1.49–3.07 | <0.001 | |
Praziquantel use | ||||||
 • To treat schistosomiasis | No | 1257 | 338 (26.9) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 889 | 254 (28.6) | 1.10 | 0.88–1.39 | 0.390 | |
• For deworming | No | 2072 | 581 (28.0) | 1.00 |  |  |
Yes | 74 | 11 (14.9) | 0.49 | 0.24–1.01 | 0.054 | |
Others | No | 2077 | 554 (26.7) | 1.00 | Â | Â |
Yes | 69 | 38 (55.1) | 3.12 | 1.76–5.54 | <0.001 | |