Fig. 4
Effect of the first exposure to DEET on life history traits ensuing the second exposure: volume of blood ingested (a), fecundity (b), oviposition rate (c), fertility (d), offspring emergence rate (e), survival post-exposure (f) and activity (g). As the effect of the second exposure on the recorded life-history traits showed no significance, females were pooled considering the treatment they received at the first exposure, irrespective of the treatment they received at the second exposure. Yellow bars represent females pre-exposed to ethanol (control), and blue bars represent females pre-exposed to DEET. Results are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) (post-hoc Chi-square tests, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)