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Table 5 Multivariable analysis of risk of at least one malaria episode during the follow-up period by malnutrition and other factors measured at start of transmission season survey

From: Is chronic malnutrition associated with an increase in malaria incidence? A cohort study in children aged under 5 years in rural Gambia

Risk factor (N = 2527)

Malaria episode, n (%)

Odds ratiob (95% CI)

P-value

Adjusted oddsc ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Stuntinga

 No

259/1715 (15.1)

1

 

1

 

 Yes

88/796 (11.1)

0.75 (0.57–0.98)

0.04

0.79 (0.60–1.05)

0.11

Wastinga

 No

310/2,236 (13.9)

1

   

 Yes

33/272 (12.1)

0.85 (0.56–1.27)

0.42

  

Underweighta

 No

268/1892 (14.2)

1

   

 Yes

77/624 (12.3)

0.93 (0.69–1.24)

0.61

  

Mean age (years)

–

1.41 (1.28–1.56)

<0.001

1.40 (1.27–1.55)

<0.001

Gender

 Male

180/1348 (13.4)

    

 Female

167/1179 (14.2)

1.01 (0.79–1.29)

0.93

  

Ethnicity

 Fula

139/1073 (13.0)

1

 

1

 

 Mandinka

195/1205 (16.2)

1.47 (0.95–2.28)

0.09

1.52 (0.98–2.36)

0.06

 Other

13/245 (5.3)

0.44 (0.19–1.03)

0.06

0.52 (0.22–1.20)

0.13

Mean haemoglobin (g/dl)

–

1.03 (0.95–1.12)

0.44

  

Mild anaemia

 No

157/1051 (14.9)

1

   

 Yes

190/1476 (12.9)

0.79 (0.62–1.02)

0.07

  

Moderate anaemia

 No

319/2376 (13.4)

1

   

 Yes

28/151 (18.5)

1.40 (0.88–2.23)

0.16

  

P. falciparum parasitaemia

 No

325/2388 (13.6)

1

   

 Yes

22/139 (15.8)

1.04 (0.62–1.73)

0.88

  

Village location

 South bank

218/1224 (17.8)

1

   

 North bank

129/1303 (9.9)

0.47 (0.29–0.78)

0.003

0.48 (0.29–0.79)

0.004

House construction

 Modern

188/1454 (12.9)

1

   

 Traditionalb

159/1073 (14.8)

1.08 (0.83–1.41)

0.55

  

Slept under an LLIN

 No

2/16 (12.5)

1

   

 Yes

327/2366 (13.8)

1.07 (0.21–5.36)

0.94

  

House received IRS-DDT

 No

176/1258 (14.0)

    

 Yes

171/1269 (13.5)

0.97 (0.57–1.64)

0.90

  

Distance from health post or health facility (km)

–

1.03 (0.97–1.10)

0.34

  
  1. aStunted N = 2511; Wasted N = 2508; Underweight N = 2516. These numbers differ from N = 2527 since children with z-scores of more than 4 or less than -4 were removed
  2. bAt least 50% of rooms with mud walls and thatched roof
  3. cAdjusted for clustering