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Fig. 1 | Parasites & Vectors

Fig. 1

From: Wolbachia introduction into Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) cell lines and its effects on immune-related gene expression and interaction with Leishmania infantum

Fig. 1

LL-5 sand fly cells immune response after early Wolbachia infections (wMel or wMelPop-CLA strains). Wolbachia detection by wsp relative expression (a), Toll pathway regulators Cactus (b) and Dorsal (c), IMD pathway regulators Caspar (d) and Relish (e), Jak-Stat regulators (f and g), AMPs (h, i, j and k) and oxidative stress regulation iNOS (l), Catalase (m) and SOD3A (n). Bars represent mean with standard error (SEM) of three biological replicates collected at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-early infection. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001

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