Fig. 1

Direct feeding bioassay of Phlebotomus papatasi directly feeding on a sedated dog. a Detail of the inner part of the ear exposed to the bite of about 30 P. papatasi females located inside a round container covered by a cotton net that allowed the sand flies to feed through. b Sedated dog with the ear exposed to sand flies being warmed by a bottle of 250 ml of normal saline previously warm to 37 °C