Table 1 Continents and countries with reported T. evansi infection in diverse host species and detected with diverse methods

Africa

Algeria

2

Camel

1

Stained blood smear

[89]

Horse

1

Unspecified microscopic method

[90]

Chad

1

Camel

1

HCT and PCR

[91]

Egypt

13

Buffalo

1

CATT

[82]

Camel

10

Stained blood smear, mouse inoculation, CATT, ELISA, Suratex, Latex, thymol turbidity, PCR

[1, 77, 92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99]

Cattle

2

ELISA, PCR

[100, 101]

Goat

1

Stained blood smear, CATT, PCR

[96]

Sheep

1

Stained blood smear, CATT, PCR

[96]

Human

1

Stained blood smear, ELISA

[77]

Ethiopia^a

8

Camel

8

Stained blood smear, HCT, CATT, ITL, PCR

[83, 102,103,104,105,106,107,108]

Cattle

1

HCT, CATT, PCR

[83]

Donkey

1

CATT, ITL, PCR

[83]

Goat

1

HCT, CATT, ITL, PCR

[83]

Horse

1

PCR

[83]

Mule

1

PCR

[83]

Sheep

1

HCT, CATT, ITL, PCR

[83]

Ghana^b

1

Tsetse fly

1

PCR

[30]

Kenya

9

Camel

9

HCT, mouse inoculation, CATT, ELISA, Suratex, Latex, IHA, PCR

[13, 109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116]

Mali^a

2

Camel

2

Unspecified microscopic method, ELISA

[48, 117]

Mauritania^a

2

Camel

2

Stained blood smear, CATT, IFAT

[118, 119]

Mauritius

1

Deer

1

Stained blood smear

[120]

Morocco

1

Camel

1

CATT, ELISA

[121]

Niger^a

1

Camel

1

HCT, CATT

[122]

Nigeria

6

Camel

3

Stained blood smear, mouse inoculation

[123,124,125]

Cattle

2

PCR

[126, 127]

Horse

1

Stained blood smear

[128]

Somalia^a

3

Camel

3

Stained blood smear, HCT, ELISA

[129,130,131]

Somaliland

1

Camel

1

CATT

[132]

Sudan^a

10

Camel

10

Stained blood smear, HCT, CATT, ELISA, IFAT, PCR

[88, 133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141]

Goat

1

ELISA

[88]

Sheep

1

ELISA

[88]

Tunisia^a

1

Dog

1

Stained blood smear, PCR

[142]

Zambia^b

1

Tabanids

1

PCR

[31]

Asia

Afghanistan

1

Dog

1

Stained blood smear, PCR

[143]

Cambodia

1

Rodents

1

CATT, PCR

[63]

China

1

Buffalo

1

Unspecified microscopic method

[144]

India

65

Buffalo

16

Stained blood smear, mouse inoculation, ELISA, Latex, PCR

[86, 145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159]

Camel

5

Stained blood smear, mouse inoculation, ELISA, Latex, PCR

[160,161,162,163,164]

Cattle

17

Stained blood smear, mouse inoculation, ELISA, Latex, PCR

[86, 146, 149, 151, 153,154,155,156, 158, 165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172]

Dog

13

HCT, stained blood smear, mouse inoculation, ELISA, Latex, PCR

[61, 173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184]

Donkey

1

ELISA

[185]

Elephant

1

Unspecified microscopic method

[186]

Goat

1

Stained blood smear

[187]

Horse

9

Stained blood smear, mouse inoculation, ELISA, CATT, PCR

[86, 185, 188,189,190,191,192,193,194]

Human

5

Stained blood smear, mouse inoculation, CATT, PCR

[17,18,19, 195, 196]

Jaguar

1

Stained blood smear

[7]

Mule

1

ELISA

[185]

Pig

1

Stained blood smear, mouse inoculation

[197]

Pony

1

Stained blood smear

[198]

Sheep

1

ELISA

[199]

Tiger

2

Stained blood smear

[7, 200]

Cattle and buffalo

2

Stained blood smear, ELISA

[201, 202]

Cattle, buffalo and equine

1

Stained blood smear

[151]

Horse and mule

1

Unspecified microscopic

[203]

Equines

3

Stained blood smear, PCR

[151, 155, 201]

Indonesia^a

10

Buffalo

4

HCT, mouse inoculation, ELISA, CATT

[204,205,206,207,208]

Cattle

8

HCT, mouse inoculation, ELISA, CATT, PCR

[204,205,206, 209,210,211,212,213]

Horse

1

ELISA

[206]

Iran^a

6

Camel

6

Stained blood smear, PCR

[214,215,216,217,218,219]

Iraq^a

1

Cattle

1

Stained blood smear

[220]

Israel^a

1

Horse

1

CATT, reverse dot blot

[87]

Jordan^a

2

Camel

2

Stained blood smear, mouse inoculation

[85, 221]

Horse

1

Unspecified microscopic method

[85]

Kuwait

1

Camel

1

Stained blood smear

[222]

Laos

2

Rodents

3

CATT, PCR

[63, 223]

Malaysia

9

Cattle

2

HCT, stained blood smear CATT, mouse inoculation

[224, 225]

Buffalo, cattle

1

CATT

[226]

Deer

2

HCT, CATT

[227, 228]

Dog

1

Stained blood smear

[229]

Horse

3

HCT, stained blood smear, CATT, PCR

[224, 230, 231]

Rhinoceros

1

Stained blood smear

[232]

Pakistan^a

14

Bear

2

Stained blood smear, PCR

[233, 234]

Buffalo

2

Stained blood, PCR

[235, 236]

Camel

5

Stained blood smear, CATT, ELISA, Suratex, PCR

[79, 237,238,239,240]

Dog

1

Stained blood smear

[241]

Horse

1

HCT, CATT, PCR

[84]

Equines

3

Stained blood smear, unspecified microscopic method

[242,243,244]

Palestine

1

Camel

1

Unspecified microscopic method

[245]

Mule

1

Unspecified microscopic method

[245]

Philippines^a

6

Buffalo

4

Mouse inoculation, LAMP, PCR

[246,247,248,249]

Cattle

2

PCR

[250, 251]

Saudi Arabia

3

Camel

3

Stained blood smear, ELISA, IHA, PCR

[252,253,254]

Sri Lanka

1

Dog

1

Mouse inoculation

[255]

Thailand^a

21

Buffalo

3

HCT, stained blood smear, mouse inoculation, ELISA and CFT

[51, 256, 257]

Cattle

9

HCT, stained blood smear, mouse inoculation, ELISA, IFAT, Dipstick colloidal dye immunoassay (DIA) and PCR

[50, 52, 258,259,260,261,262,263,264]

Deer (hog & rusa)

2

HCT, stained blood smear, mouse inoculation, ELISA

[265, 266]

Dog

1

Unspecified microscopic method

[267]

Elephant

1

PCR

[268]

Pig

1

HCT, ITL

[269]

Rodents

3

CATT, PCR

[63, 223, 270]

Horse and mule

1

HCT, stained blood smear and mouse inoculation

[53]

United Arab Emirates^a

1

Camel

1

Stained blood smear, ELISA

[271]

Vietnam

4

Buffalo

3

HCT, mouse inoculation, CATT, LATEX, ELISA, ITL, PCR

[54, 272, 273]

Human

1

Stained blood smear, CATT, PCR

[20]

South America

Argentina

4

Capybara

2

Stained blood smear, PCR

[66, 274]

Dog

1

Stained blood smear, PCR

[56]

Horse

1

Unspecified microscopic method, ELISA

[275]

Bolivia^a

3

Cattle

3

CATT, PCR

[12, 276, 277]

Brazil^a

30

Armadillos

1

PCR

[71]

Bats (nectar feeding & vampire)

2

PCR

[59, 71]

Buffalo

2

PCR

[37, 71]

Capybara

4

HCT, CATT, IFAT, ELISA, PCR

[58, 65, 71, 278]

Cattle

3

HCT, ELISA, PCR

[37, 58, 71]

Crab-eating fox

1

HCT, IFAT

[62]

Coatis

5

HCT, IFAT, PCR

[71, 72, 279,280,281]

Deer

2

PCR

[73, 282]

Dog

12

HCT, stained blood smear, mouse inoculation CATT, IFAT, ELISA, PCR

[55, 58, 62, 71, 278, 279, 283,284,285,286,287,288]

Gray brocket

1

PCR

[73]

Horse

12

HCT, stained blood smear, mouse inoculation, CATT, IFAT, ELISA, PCR

[38, 55, 57,58,59, 71, 279, 289,290,291,292,293]

Ocelot

1

HCT, IFAT

[62]

Marsupials

3

HCT, IFAT, PCR

[59, 71, 294]

Peccaries (white-lipped & collared)

3

IFAT, PCR

[59, 70]

Pig (feral)

2

IFAT, PCR

[59, 70]

Crab-eating raccoon

1

PCR

[72]

Rodents

4

HCT, IFAT, PCR

[59, 71, 74, 294]

Colombia

7

Bat (vampire)

2

Stained blood smear, PCR

[68, 295]

Capybara

2

Stained blood smear

[64, 296]

Cattle

1

PCR

[297]

Dog

2

Stained blood smear, PCR

[36, 298]

Guyana

1

Sheep

1

IFAT

[299]

Peru

2

Capybara

1

Unspecified microscopic method

[300]

Cattle

1

PCR

[12]

Venezuela^a

5

Bat (nectar-feeding)

1

PCR

[69]

Capybara

3

HCT, IFAT, PCR

[301,302,303]

Cattle

2

HCT, PCR

[304]

Donkey

1

HCT

[302]

Horse

1

HCT

[302]

Europe

France

1

Camel

1

Unspecified microscopic method, mouse inoculation, CATT, ELISA, PCR

[10]

Germany

1

Dog

1

Stained blood smear, CATT, PCR

[41]

The Netherlands

1

Dog

1

Unspecified microscopic method

[42]

Spain

6

Camel

5

HCT, Stained blood smear, CATT, ELISA, PCR

[11, 305,306,307,308]

Cattle

1

CATT

[39]

Donkey

1

CATT, PCR

[11]

Goat

1

CATT

[39]

Horse

1

HCT, CATT, PCR

[11]

Sheep

1

CATT

[39]

Equines

1

Unspecified microscopic method, CATT

[308]