Host species | Detection method | No. of publications | No. of datasets | No. of animals tested | No. of animals positive | Pooled prevalence (95% CI) | Heterogeneity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2 (%) | P-value | |||||||
Buffalo | Parasitological | 14 | 16 | 10,325 | 474 | 4 (7–11) | 97.8 | <0.01 |
Ab-based | 8 | 10 | 4425 | 1001 | 28 (19–37) | 97.5 | <0.01 | |
Ag-based | 3 | 4 | 3003 | 1612 | 50 (33–67) | 97.6 | <0.01 | |
Molecular | 13 | 13 | 2917 | 379 | 28 (17–41) | 97.7 | <0.01 | |
Camel | Parasitological | 52 | 73 | 37,565 | 2704 | 9 (7–11) | 97.2 | <0.01 |
Ab-based | 25 | 32 | 24,930 | 7069 | 31 (25–37) | 99.0 | <0.01 | |
Ag-based | 10 | 13 | 5102 | 1546 | 26 (19–33) | 96.9 | <0.01 | |
Molecular | 10 | 15 | 6093 | 1582 | 23 (15–32) | 98.2 | <0.01 | |
NS immunoglobulin | 6 | 10 | 3683 | 1024 | 35 (23–48) | 98.2 | <0.01 | |
Cattle | Parasitological | 18 | 19 | 13,078 | 253 | 4 (2–6) | 95.6 | <0.01 |
Ab-based | 14 | 15 | 7981 | 1693 | 19 (10–29) | 99.1 | <0.01 | |
Ag-based | 6 | 7 | 1229 | 461 | 40 (20–63) | 98.4 | <0.01 | |
Molecular | 22 | 23 | 6860 | 851 | 16 (10–23) | 98.2 | <0.01 | |
Dog | Parasitological | 8 | 12 | 8118 | 89 | 2 (1–4) | 91.7 | <0.01 |
Ab-baseda | 4 | 5 | 376 | 78 | 21 (12–33) | 83.3 | <0.01 | |
Ag-baseda | 1 | 1 | 70 | 5 | – | – | – | |
Molecular | 2 | 2 | 181 | 37 | – | – | – | |
Equine | Parasitological | 9 | 10 | 2772 | 67 | 2 (1–5) | 91.3 | <0.01 |
Ab-based | 11 | 17 | 7397 | 1123 | 19 (11–27) | 98.5 | <0.01 | |
Ag-baseda | 1 | 1 | 364 | 15 | – | – | – | |
Molecular | 7 | 10 | 2190 | 165 | 6 (1–14) | 97.0 | <0.01 | |
Small ruminants | Parasitologicala | 1 | 2 | 445 | 2 | – | – | – |
Ab-based | 5 | 10 | 3059 | 458 | 14 (5–27) | 98.7 | <0.01 | |
Moleculara | 1 | 2 | 445 | 14 | – | – | – | |
Wild animals | Parasitological | 15 | 18 | 1426 | 201 | 15 (10–21) | 88.1 | <0.01 |
Ab-based | 10 | 20 | 2265 | 588 | 22 (13–32) | 96.7 | <0.01 | |
Molecular | 15 | 29 | 2102 | 205 | 13 (8–18) | 88.0 | <0.01 | |
Ag-baseda | 1 | 1 | 50 | 11 | – | – | – |