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Table 2 Prevalence of taeniosis in humans based on cross-sectional or retrospective studies

From: Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in the Middle East and North Africa

Country

Timeframe

Location of study

Age range tested

No. positive/total no. of people tested

Prevalence (%) (95% CI)

Species

Diagnostic technique

Ref

Algeria

12/2010–11/2011

Oran

1–80

1/1042

0.1

(<0.01–0.5)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[66]

Egypt

na

Sohag (Sohag Governorate)

12–90

5/150

3.2

(1.0–7.3)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[67]

Egypt

09/2013–08/2014

Sohag (Sohag Governorate)

1–14

1/100

1.0

(0.03–5.5)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[68]

Egypt

01/2009–12/2009

Qalyubia, Dakahlia and Damietta Governorates

1– >40

2/105

1.9

(0.2–6.7)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[69]

Egypt

12/2005–12/2006

Mansoura (Dakahlia Governorate)

na

37/3180

1.1

(0.8–1.6)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[70]

Egypt

01/2005–01/2006

Mansoura and Gogar (Dakahlia Governorate)

20–40

2/2000

0.1

(<0.01–0.4)

T. saginata

Microscopy (including proglottid identification)

[71]

Egypt

na

Qalyub (Qalyubia Governorate)

6–12

2/486

0.4

(0.05–1.5)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[72]

Egypt

na

Sennores (El-Fayum Governorate)

6–12

3/252

1.2

(0.3–3.4)

T. saginata

Microscopy (including proglottid identification)

[73]

Egypt

na

Ashmoun, Tala, Berket El Sabaa Shebeen El Koom, Menouf (Menoufia Governorate)

<10– >50

2/565

0.4

(0.05–1.4)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[74]

Egypt

05/2006–06/2007

El-Eman, El-Matieea, El-Ezeia (Assiut Governorate)

na

2/325

0.6

(0.07–2.2)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[29]

Egypt

01/2001–12/2008

Alexandria, Ismailia (Alexandria and Ismailia Governorates)

1–17

8/1500

0.5

(0.2–1.0)

T. saginata

na

[75]

Egypt

na

El-Ghanayem (Assiut Governorate)

6–11

1/400

0.3

(<0.01–1.4)

T. saginata

na

[76]

Egypt

01/2014–12/2014

Benha (Qalyubia Governorate)

20–55

6/100

6.0

(2.2–12.6)

T. saginata

Microscopy (including proglottid identification) and molecular confirmation

[24]

Iraq

04/1988–03/1989

Kirkuk area (Al-Tameem/Kirkuk Governorate)

6–12

9/1681

0.5

(0.25–1.0)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[77]

Israel

na

na

na

3/93

3.2a

(0.7-9.1)

Taenia spp.

na

[78]

Israel

2007–2011

Beer Sheva (Negev region)

0–19

8/45,978

0.02b

(0.008-0.03)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[79]

Jordan

2009–2013

Irbid, Jerash and Ajlun

All age groups

48/21,906

0.2

(0.2–0.3)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[80]

Jordan

07/1987–07/1988

Irbid

na

1/283

0.4

(<0.01–2.0)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[81]

Kuwait

na

Kuwait

1– >40

1/1674

0.06

(<0.01–0.3)

Taenia spp.c

Histology of appedenctomy sections

[82]

Kuwait

01/1986–12/1986

Six general hospitals (Adan, Amiri, Mubarak, Jahra, Farwaniya and Infectious Diseases)

1–69

17/6000

0.3

(0.2–0.5)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[83]

Lebanon

01/1997–12/1998 & 01/2007–12/2008

Beirut

na

116/14,771

0.8d

(0.7–0.9)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[84]

    

27/7477

0.4e

(0.2-0.5)

   

Lebanon

1997–2001

Tripoli

<5– >66

188/17,126

1.1

(1.0–1.3)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[85]

Lebanon

na

Tripoli, Beirut

na

2479/44,864

5.5

(5.3–5.7)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[86]

Lebanon

1995–1997

Beirut

14–71

na

Either 0.8 (0.5–1.3) or 0.4f

(0.2–0.7)

Taenia spp

Microscopy

[87]

Lebanon

05/2004–09/2004

North Lebanon (Akkar Governorate)

16–50

1/308

0.3

(<0.01–1.8)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[88]

Libya

03/2004–06/2004

Tripoli

5–18

1/50

2.0

(0.05–10.7)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[89]

Morocco

1996–2005

Kenitra

na

6/4285

0.14

(0.05–0.3)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[90]

Morocco

na

Beni Mellal

7–14

4/740

0.5g

(0.2–1.4)

Taenia spp

Microscopy

[48]

    

0/603

0h

(0-0.6)

   

Oman

09/2004–03/2005

Dhahira Governorate

9–10

8/436

1.8i

(0.8-3.6)

Taenia spp

Microscopy

[91]

Oman

na

Dhofar Governorate (Dhalqut, Rakhyut, Salalah, Taqah, Mirbat Wilayats)

All age groups

0/5253

0

(0–0.07)

Taenia spp.

na

[92]

Palestine

01/1998–12/2007

Gaza strip (Gaza, North, Mid-Zone, Khan Younis and Rafah Governorates)

All age groups

na

<1.0j

T. saginata

Microscopy

[49]

Palestine

11/2002–04/2003

Khan Younis Governorate

6–11

0/1370

0

(0–0.3)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[93]

Qatar

01/2005–12/2006

Doha

15–50

0/1737

0k

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[94]

Qatar

01/2005–12/2008

Doha

1–80

0/9208

0

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[95]

Saudi Arabia

09/2012–12/2012

Hail

na

2/130

1.5

(0.2–5.5)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[96]

Saudi Arabia

01/2010–12/2010

Hofuf, Khobar, Damman and suburban areas

2–18

5/1600

0.3

(0.1–0.7)

T. saginata

na

[97]

Saudi Arabia

10/2009–01/2011

Al-Baha

na

119/2000

6.0l

(5.0-7.0)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[98]

Saudi Arabia

2012

Madinah

20–55

1/120

0.8m

(0.02-4.6)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[99]

Saudi Arabia

01/1990–12/1992

Abha

17–45

0/5518

0n

(0–0.07)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[100]

South Sudan

na

Juba

4– >50

1/241

0.4

(0.01–2.3)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[101]

Sudan

11/2003–10/2005

Khartoum

<21– >51

4/1500

0.3o

(0.07-0.7)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[102]

Sudan

03/1990–02/1991

Khartoum

<5

5/298

1.7

(0.6–3.9)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[103]

Sudan

12/2016–04/2017

Khartoum

5–14

0/120

0

(0–3.0)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[104]

Sudan

01/2013–06/2013

Khartoum

1–5

6/562

1.1

(0.4–2.3)

T. saginata

Microscopy (including proglottid or scolex identification)

[105]

Sudan

na

Khartoum

Primary school children

43/500

8.6

(6.3–11.4)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[106]

Syria

03/2006–06/2006

Damascus

6–12

0/1469

0

(0–0.3)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[107]

Tunisia

01/1997–12/2006

Sfax

1– >60

24/30,573

0.08

(0.05–0.1)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[108]

Tunisia

01/1996–12/2012

Tunis

na

4/20,033

0.02p

(0.005–0.05)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[109]

United Arab Emirates

01/2008–12/2009

Emirate of Sharjah (5 different hospitals)

1–58

0/10,514

0q

(0-0.04)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[110]

United Arab Emirates

01/2013–12/2013

Sharjah city

16– >44

31/21,347

0.15

(0.1–0.2)

Taenia spp.

Microscopy

[111]

Yemen

2009

Hadhramout Governorate (rural and urban areas)

6–13

9/600

1.5

(0.7–2.8)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[112]

Yemen

na

Sahar District

7–14

1/534

0.2

(0.005–1.0)

T. saginata

Microscopy

[113]

  1. aRefers to Thais working in Israel
  2. bStudy refers to Jewish, Bedouine and Ethiopian children living in southern Israel. Taenia spp. infections were only detected in Ethiopian children and were most probably T. saginata infections according to the authors
  3. cMost probably a T. saginata case due to dietary restrictions
  4. dRefers to the period 1997–1998
  5. eRefers to the period 2007–2008
  6. fTwo different numbers reported regarding Taenia spp. prevalence in the publication
  7. gChildren from regions where raw wastewater is used for irrigation
  8. hChildren from regions where wastewater irrigation is not practiced
  9. iMost probably T. saginata cases due to dietary restrictions
  10. jExact prevalence rate not mentioned. Estimated from graph (see figure 5 in reference [49])
  11. kRefers to expatriate workers from Philippines, Indonesia, Indian sub-continent and Africa (food handlers and housemaids)
  12. lRefers to expatriate workers from different countries. Highest infection rates with T. saginata observed among Indonesian, Indian, Bangladeshis, Filipinos and Pakistanis. Not mentioned how differentiation of Taenia species was made, although faeces were checked for presence of gravid proglottids
  13. mRefers to expatriate workers from Asia and Africa
  14. nRefers to Asian female house keepers from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Philippines and Thailand
  15. oRefers to Sudanese food handlers
  16. pRefers to food handlers
  17. q64% of the samples were from expatriates and the rest 36% were from native Emiratis. The expatriate population was a heterologous mixture of various nationalities from Indian subcontinent, Middle East, Southeast Asia, Africa and east European countries
  18. Abbreviations: na, not available; CI, confidence interval; Ref, Reference