Table 1 Repellent effect of DEET, permethrin, carvacrol, geraniol, cuminaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde on Anopheles gambiae from reference strains, the susceptible Kisumu strain (Kis), the pyrethroid-resistant strain (KdrKis) and the OP-resistant strain (AcerKis)

0.010

0.0 (0.0–4.9)

4.3 (0.0–10.6)

2.7 (0.0–9.6)

0.100

6.3 (0.0–14.0)

11.0 (2.9–19.1)

8.0 (0.0–16.7)

0.010

0.0 (0.0–1.4)

20.1 (9.2–31.0)

11.9 (2.6–21.2)

0.100

15.0 (5.2–24.7)

29.2 (17.4–40.9)

85.7 (77.6–93.8)*

0.001

9.4 (1.7–17.0)

11.2 (3.1–19.3)

5.7 (0.0–13.5)

0.014

36.6 (25.0–48.2)

42.0 (30.1–53.8)

0.0 (0.0–3.6)*

0.002

5.1 (0.0–13.0)

3.1 (0.0–9.5)

22.1 (9.4–34.8)

0.023

50.5 (38.0–63.1)

41.0 (28.9–53.1)

9.7 (0.0–20.2)*

0.003

1.6 (0.0–4.7)

24.7 (12.6–36.8)*

8.5 (0.6–16.5)

0.030

25.4 (14.3–36.5)

52.9 (41.0–64.9)*

47.0 (35.2 - 58.8)

0.008

16.5 (7.8–25.3)

36.2 (24.0–48.4)

37.7 (24.9–50.5)

0.079

43.0 (32.1–54.0)

82.1 (74.2–90.0)*

53.1 (40.9–65.3)