Table 3 Toxic effects of DEET, permethrin, carvacrol, geraniol, cuminaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde on Anopheles gambiae from reference strains, the susceptible Kisumu strain (Kis), the pyrethroid-resistant strain KdrKis and the OP-resistant strain AcerKis
From: Insecticide resistance modifies mosquito response to DEET and natural repellents
Product | Concentration (µl/cm2) | Kis strainab | KdrKis strainab | AcerKis strainab |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Permethrin | 0.010 | 93.8 (89.7–97.8) | 2.7 (0.0–9.6)* | 66.1 (53.7–78.5)* |
0.100 | 96.8 (96.8–96.8) | 63.2 (49.8–76.5)* | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | |
DEET | 0.010 | 2.6 (0.0–8.6) | 0.0 (0.0–1.2) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
0.100 | 98.2 (98.2–98.2) | 20.9 (9.7–32.0)* | 96.6 (96.6–96.6) | |
Carvacrol | 0.001 | 4.3 (0.0–9.0) | 3.3 (0.0–9.8) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
0.014 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | |
Geraniol | 0.002 | 0.0 (0.0–3.6) | 1.7 (0.0–4.9) | 0.0 (0.0–4.0) |
0.023 | 0.0 (0.0–3.5) | 3.1 (0.0–7.3) | 1.2 (0.0–9.3) | |
Cuminaldehyde | 0.003 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 1.3 (0.0–5.5) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
0.030 | 11.1 (3.4–18.9) | 3.8 (0.0–9.9) | 30.9 (17.4–44.5)* | |
Cinnamaldehyde | 0.008 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.2 (0.0–3.8) |
0.079 | 45.9 (32.9–58.8) | 93.9 (87.2–100.6)* | 89.9 (81.9–97.9)* |