Table 1 Characterization of Anopheles spp. larval habitats in the Korhogo area in the rainy and the dry seasons
Characteristics | Category | No. (%) of breeding habitats for Anopheles spp. mosquitoes | Mean no. of Anopheles spp. larvae/350 ml | Mean no. of mosquito pupae/350 ml | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rainy season | Dry season | Rainy season | Dry season | Rainy season | Dry season | ||
Habitat type | Dam | 0 (0) | 15 (7.98) | – | 13.87 | – | 0 |
Agricultural trench | 2 (0.32) | 0 (0) | 7.50 | 0 | 2.50 | 0 | |
Basin of water | 1 (0.16) | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Cesspool | 1 (0.16) | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 0 | |
Edges of rivers and streams | 76 (12.26) | 4 (2.13) | 7.09 | 3.25 | 0.18 | 0 | |
Animal/human footprints | 49 (7.90) | 9 (4.79) | 7.00 | 3.67 | 0.18 | 0 | |
Irrigation canals and drains | 47 (7.58) | 3 (1.60) | 11.15 | 17.67 | 0.26 | 0 | |
Pond | 8 (1.29) | 0 (0) | 19.63 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Puddle | 51 (8.23) | 50 (26.60) | 11.75 | 12.26 | 0.47 | 0.20 | |
Rice paddy | 380 (61.29) | 107 (56.91) | 7.67 | 8.40 | 0.41 | 0.26 | |
Troughs attached to village pumps | 1 (0.16) | 0 (0) | 2.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Village pumps | 4 (0.65) | 0 (0) | 6.75 | 0 | 0.25 | 0 | |
Total | 620 (100) | 188 (100) | 8.00 | 10.00 | 0 | 0 | |
Size (m2) | < 1 | 461 (74.35) | 130 (69.15) | 8.57 | 8.53 | 0.42 | 0.20 |
1–10 | 83 (13.39) | 40 (21.28) | 8.31 | 12.90 | 0.07 | 0.05 | |
> 10 | 76 (12.26) | 18 (9.57) | 6.37 | 10.78 | 0.29 | 0.56 | |
Water turbidity | Transparent | 397 (64.03) | 118 (62.77) | 6.51 | 9.15 | 0.10 | 0.22 |
Turbid | 215 (34.68) | 69 (36.70) | 11.27 | 10.58 | 0.85 | 0.17 | |
Very turbid | 8 (1.29) | 1 (0.53) | 14.75 | 9.00 | 0 | 0 | |
Distance from houses | < 100 m | 26 (4.19) | 6 (3.19) | 8.46 | 1.67 | 1.23 | 0 |
100–500 m | 148 (23.87) | 61 (32.45) | 9.96 | 7.54 | 0.99 | 0.21 | |
> 500 m | 446 (71.94) | 121 (64.36) | 7.70 | 11.15 | 0.09 | 0.21 | |
Sunlight exposure | Sunny | 593 (95.65) | 188 (100) | 8.45 | 9.68 | 0.35 | 0.20 |
Shaded | 27 (4.35) | 0 (0) | 4.19 | 0 | 0.44 | 0.00 | |
Partly shaded | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | – | – | – | |
General surroundings | High-density housing | 17 (2.74) | 2 (1.06) | 4.76 | 0.50 | 1.41 | 0 |
Low-density housing | 10 (1.61) | 12 (6.38) | 24.80 | 3.17 | 0.80 | 0.17 | |
Green areas | 593 (95.65) | 174 (92.55) | 8.00 | 10.23 | 0 | 0.21 | |
Culex spp. larvae | Present | 172 (27.74) | 96 (51.06) | 7.60 | 8.05 | 0.90 | 0.26 |
Absent | 448 (72.26) | 92 (48.94) | 8.52 | 11.37 | 0.15 | 0.14 | |
Aedes spp. larvae | Present | 0 (0) | 5 (2.66) | – | 9.8 | – | 0 |
Absent | 620 (100) | 183 (97.34) | 8.27 | 9.67 | 0.35 | 0.21 | |
Other insects | Present | 421 (67.90) | 152 (80.85) | 8.02 | 10.97 | 0.17 | 0.19 |
Absent | 199 (32.10) | 36 (19.15) | 8.79 | 4.19 | 0.74 | 0.25 | |
Fish | Present | 34 (5.48) | 1 (0.53) | 8.85 | 12.00 | 0.47 | 0 |
Absent | 586 (94.52) | 187 (99.47) | 8.23 | 9.66 | 0.35 | 0.20 | |
Tadpoles | Present | 32 (5.16) | 16 (8.51) | 10.16 | 11.31 | 0.44 | 0 |
Absent | 588 (94.84) | 172 (91.49) | 8.16 | 9.52 | 0.35 | 0.22 | |
Crop | Rice | 380 (61.29) | 107 (56.91) | 7.67 | 8.40 | 0.41 | 0.26 |
Vegetable gardens | 95 (15.32) | 52 (27.66) | 10.63 | 13.92 | 0.20 | 0.15 | |
Other | 80 (12.90) | 586 (15.43) | 12.00 | 8.00 | 0.32 | 0.32 | |
Water movement | Flowing | 26 (4.19) | 3 (1.59) | 8.81 | 3.33 | 1.27 | 0 |
Stagnant | 594 (95.81) | 185 (98.40) | 8.24 | 9.78 | 0.31 | 0.21 | |
Solid waste | Absent | 460 (74.19) | 21 (11.17) | 8.84 | 10.81 | 0.46 | 0.48 |
Present | 160 (25.81) | 167 (88.83) | 6.63 | 9.53 | 0.06 | 0.17 | |
Liquid waste | Absent | 593 (95.65) | 155 (82.45) | 8.32 | 10.61 | 0.34 | 0.21 |
Present | 27 (4.35) | 33 (17.55) | 7.22 | 5.30 | 0.63 | 0.18 | |
Vegetation | Absent | 21 (3.38) | 11 (5.85) | 10.00 | 3.55 | 0.38 | 0.09 |
Present | 599 (96.61) | 177 (94.15) | 8.21 | 10.06 | 0.35 | 0.21 | |