Fig. 5

Wing shape in S. calcitrans is significantly affected by developmental substrate. a Thin plate spline (TPS) deformation grids modelling the difference of S. calcitrans wing shape across the different larval densities. The number displayed on each grid represents the landmark positions. Yellow to orange-red colours indicate landmark expansions, light to dark-blue indicates landmark contraction. b Scatter plot showing the difference in wing shapes of S. calcitrans individuals reared from different developmental substrates along the first two canonical variate axes [CV1 (66.06%) and CV2 (19)] with 90% confidence ellipses. c Discrimination histograms comparing S. calcitrans wing shape between developmental substrate pairs