Insecticide resistance mechanisms with novel ‘kdr’ type gene mutations in the tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus

Parasites & Vectors

Table 1 Percentage survival of Kandy bed bugs after exposure to discriminating dosages of DDT, malathion and propoxur (n > 100 per insecticide). Exposure time for DDT and propoxur was 24 h whereas that for malathion was 16 h [24]. Data from the 2002 population [21] are also presented for comparison. Populations were statistically compared using two sample t-tests

Insecticide	2002		2016		Comparison
Insecticide	% survival	Status^a	% survival	Status^a	t-value^b	P-value
DDT (2%)	71	Resistant	71	Resistant	0.132	1
Malathion (5%)	64	Resistant	68	Resistant	0.132	1
Propoxur (0.8%)	11	Possibly resistant	51	Resistant	4.532	0.0062*

^aAccording to the classification of the WHO (2016): susceptible, > 98% mortality; possibly resistant, 80–98% mortality; resistant, < 80% mortality
^bDegrees of freedom: 5 for all comparisons
*Significantly different

ISSN: 1756-3305