Fig. 4

Acoustic and visual analysis of free-flying males. Two (a) and four (b) males in random flight (left panels) and patterned flight (right panels). Grey boxes represent the spatial distribution of the experimental arena. Green squares within the boxes indicate microphone location. Colored lines show the 2D trajectory for each male during 5 s recordings. The X (top) and Y (middle) coordinates of the flight trajectories and the high order spectrogram (bottom) of groups of two (c) and four (d) mosquitoes during random and patterned flight. Colored rectangles indicate the 5 s interval analyzed to associate flying pattern with acoustic behavior (green: random flight; blue: patterned flight). e Box and whiskers plots of the frequency difference of males flying randomly (green) and in patterns (blue). The box ranges from the first quartile to the third quartile of the distribution. A horizontal line across the box indicates the median. The whiskers extend from the quartiles to the extreme data points. Males flying randomly exhibit a higher frequency difference than males in patterned flight. f Differences in the characteristics of the flight trajectories of mosquitoes in random (green) or patterned flight (green)