Fig. 4

Relative expression levels of Culex quinquefasciatus genes from a Lysinibacillus sphaericus resistant larvae (R) compared to a susceptible ones (S), by quantitative real-time PCR. a Cqm1 gene. b Caspase-3 (Casp) and pantetheinase (PTT) genes. c DNA polymerase delta catalytic subunit (Pol-delta) and Rac serine/threonine kinase (Rac-Ser-Threo) genes. Gene expression levels are relative to those from the endogenous control gene 18S used for normalization. Means and standard errors were obtained from three biological replicates. *P < 0.0001, **P < 0.008, ***P < 0.005, ****P < 0.05