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Table 2 Reviewed field studies on bacterial larvicides tested in sub-Saharan Africa, including information on study areas, survey periods, larval habitats and their associated malaria vectors

From: Bacterial larvicides used for malaria vector control in sub-Saharan Africa: review of their effectiveness and operational feasibility

Study site

Settings

Survey period

Malaria vector

Habitat types

References

Highland, Madagascar

Rural

Jan 1991–Mar 1992; Jan 1993–Mar 1994

An. arabiensis

Pools, ditches, rice fields

[25, 82]

Cove, Benin

Rural

Nov 2011–Dec 2011

An. gambiae

Rice fields

[75]

Mbita, Kenya

Rural

Jun 2002–Sep 2004

An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus

Rock pools, ditches, puddles, swamps, cement lined pits, burrow pits, footprints, tyre tracks

[49]a

Vihiga and Kericho, Kenya

Rural

Apr 2008–Mar 2009

An. gambiae (s.l.)

Pools, ditches, hoof prints, erosion pits

[76]

Floodplains of the River Gambia, Gambia

Rural

Aug 2005–Nov 2005; May 2006–Nov 2007

An. gambiae (s.l.)

Rice fields, pools, flood water areas, swamps

[50, 69]

Muheza, Tanzania

Rural

Oct 1990–Dec 1990

An. funestus

Pools in blocked streams

[26]

Mvomero, Tanzania

Rural

May 2006–Jul 2008; Mar 2012–May 2013

An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus

Ditches, rice fields, puddles, road side canals, swamps, river/stream bed pools, ponds, wetlands, cement lined tanks, streams, wells

[23, 87]

Kotiokh, Senegal

Rural

Not stated

An. gambiae (s.l.)

Ponds

[83]

Vihiga and Kakamega, Kenya

Rural

Jul 2005–Jan 2007; May 2010–Oct 2010; Feb 2011–Apr 2011; Jan 2016–May 2016

An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus

Drainage canals, abandoned gold mines, ponds, fish ponds, road side canals

[10, 24, 47, 48, 86]

Tiémélékro, Côte d’Ivoire

Rural

Dec 2005–Jul 2006

An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus

Not specified

[85]

Bobirwa, Botswana; Buhera, Zimbabwe

Rural

Jun 2015–Sep 2015; Aug 2012–Oct 2013

An. arabiensis

Riverbed pools/drains, hoof prints

[79, 81]

Anseba, Gash-Barka, Debub and North Red Sea zones, Eritrea

Rural

Not stated

An. arabiensis

Pools, canals, swamps, dams, stream bed pools, wells, ponds

[88, 89]

Chikhwawa, Malawi

Rural

May 2016–April 2018

Not stated

Not stated

[90]

Nouna, Burkina Faso

Rural

2013–2015

An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus

Rice fields, ponds, brickworks

[61]

Maroua, Cameroon

Urban

Feb 1992–Nov 1993

An. gambiae (s.l.)

Ditches, puddles

[18]

Cotonou, Benin

Urban

May 2007–Jul 2008

Anopheles spp.

Pools

[22]

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Urban

Mar 2006–Apr 2014

An. gambiae (s.l.)

Ditches, rice paddies, puddles, swamps, water storage containers, construction pits, ponds, riverbeds, habitats associated with urban agriculture, drains, mangrove swamps

[32, 60, 91]a

Kinshasa, Zaireb

Urban

Oct 1989–Jan 1990; May 1991–Sep 1991

An. gambiae (s.l.)

Irrigation ponds, rice fields, swamps

[51, 78]

Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

Urban

Jul 1985–Sep 1985;

An. gambiae (s.l.)

Ponds

[20]

Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Urban

Jul 1984–Aug 1984; 1996–1997

An. gambiae (s.l.)

Pools, rain puddles

[27, 70]

Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

Urban

Jul 1999–Oct 2000

An. gambiae (s.l.)

Rain puddles

[84]

Dakar, Senegal

Urban

Jan 2012–Dec 2012

An. gambiae (s.l.)

Rain puddles

[74]

Malindi, Kenya

Urban

Jun 2006–Dec 2007

An. gambiae (s.l.)

Unused swimming pools, drainage, puddles, swamps, water tank/trough, wells, ponds, manholes, car tracks, cesspits

[77, 80]

Lusaka, Zambia

Urban

June 2011–Aug 2011

An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus

Dams, marshes, ponds, streams

[19]

Kilosa, Tanzania

Rural

Feb 2016–Mar 2016

Rice fields

[30]

  1. Note: All studies were operational research in design except studies marked with “a” were large-scale control programmes
  2. bZaire: now The Democratic Republic of the Congo