Bacterial larvicides used for malaria vector control in sub-Saharan Africa: review of their effectiveness and operational feasibility

Derua, Yahya A.; Kweka, Eliningaya J.; Kisinza, William N.; Githeko, Andrew K.; Mosha, Franklin W.

doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3683-5

Table 6 Field trials of commercial products of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus against immature stages of malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa

From: Bacterial larvicides used for malaria vector control in sub-Saharan Africa: review of their effectiveness and operational feasibility

Country	Vector targeted	Product (Potency)	Application rate	Application cycle	% Larval reduction	Residual effect	References
Mahitsy, Madagascar	An. arabiensis	VectoBac® 12 AS (1200 ITU/mg)	0.3–1.0 l/ha	Once	89–100^a	2 days	[82]
		VectoBac® G (200 ITU/mg)	2.0–10.0 kg/ha	Once	67–100^a	2 days
		ABG6185 (G)	2.0–18.0 kg/ha	Once	37–100^a	2 days
Mbita, Kenya	An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus	VectoBac® WDG (3000 ITU/mg) / VectoBac® CG (200 ITU/mg)	0.2 kg/ha / 5.0 kg/ha	Variable^b	99	7 days	[49]
Mbita, Kenya	An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus	VectoLex® WDG (650 ITU/mg) / VectoLex® CG (50 ITU/mg)	1.0 kg/ha / 15.0 kg/ha	2 weeks	99	23 days	[49]
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	An. gambiae (s.l.)	VectoBac® WDG (3000 ITU/mg)/ VectoBac® CG (200 ITU/mg)	0.4 kg/ha / 10.0 kg/ha	1 week	96^a	7 days	[32, 60]
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	An. gambiae (s.l.)	VectoLex® WDG (650 ITU/mg)/ VectoLex® CG (50 ITU/mg)	2.0 kg/ha / 30.0 kg/ha	1 week	96^a	7 days	[32, 60]
Kakamega and Vihiga, Kenya	An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus	VectoBac® WDG/G; VectoLex® WDG/G	–	1 week	91.1	7 days	[10]
Malindi, Kenya	An. gambiae (s.l.)	VectoBac DT	1 tab/2000 l	Once	89–99	8 days	[77]
Malindi, Kenya	An. gambiae (s.l.)	Culinexcombi Tab (1.0 × 10⁶ ITU Bti + 2.5 × 10⁴ ITU Bs)	1 tab/2000 l	Once	77–100	8 days	[77]
Kinshasa, Zaire^g	An. gambiae (s.l.)	VectoBac® G (200 ITU/mg)	10.0–0.0 l/ha	Once	86–100^a	2 days	[78]
Kinshasa, Zaire^g	An. gambiae (s.l.)	VectoLex® G (200 ITU/mg)	10.0–30.0 l/ha	Once	95–100^a	2 days	[78]
Floodplains of the River Gambia, Gambia	Anopheles sp.	VectoBac® WDG 3000 ITU/mg)/ VectoBac® CG (200 ITU/mg)	0.2 kg/ha / 4.0 kg/ha	1 week	100	7 days	[69]
Floodplains of the River Gambia, Gambia	Anopheles sp.	VectoLex® WDG (650 ITU/mg)	1.0 kg/ha	1 week	100	2 days	[69]
Floodplains of the River Gambia, Gambia	An. gambiae (s.l.)	VectoBac® WDG (3000 ITU/mg)/ VectoBac® CG (200 ITU/mg)	0.2 kg/ha / 5.0 kg/ha	1 week	88^a	7 days	[50]
Bobirwa, Botswana; Buhera, Zimbabwe	Anopheles sp.	VectoBac® WDG	0.3 kg/ha	2 weeks	47–95^a	14 days	[79]
Bobirwa, Botswana	An. arabiensis	VectoBac® 12 AS (1200 ITU/mg)/ VectoBac® G (200 ITU/mg)	2.0 l/ha / 2 g/m²	Once	81–97	2 days	[81]
Anseba, Gash-Barka, Debub and North Red Sea zones, Eritrea	An. arabiensis	VectoBac® G (200 ITU/mg)	5.6–11.2 kg/ha	Once	54–100^a	14–21 days	[88, 89]
Anseba, Gash-Barka, Debub and North Red Sea zones, Eritrea	An. arabiensis	VectoLex® CG (670 ITU/mg)	11.2–22.4 kg/ha	Once	73.8–100^a	14–21 days	[88, 89]
Anjiro, Madagascar	An. gambiae (s.s.)	Teknar HP–D LC	1.25 l/ha	Once	95.3–100^a	3 days	[25]
Dakar, Senegal	An. gambiae (s.l.)	VectoBac® WDG (3000 ITU/mg)/ VectoBac® G (200 ITU/mg)/ VectoMax® CG (Bti 52ITU/mg and 50 Bs ITU/mg)	0.05 g/m² / 0.5 g/m² / 0.75 g/m²	Once	100^a	3 days	[74]
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso	An. gambiae (s.l.)	Bactimos® WP (3500 ITU/mg)	0.25–0.5 kg/ha	Once	82–95 ^a	1 day	[70]
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso	An. gambiae (s.l.)	VectoBac® WP (2000 ITU/mg)	0.5–1.0 kg/ha	Once	86–95 ^a	1 day	[70]
Mvomero, Tanzania	An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus	Bactivec® WBS	5 ml/l	Variable^c	79.3–98^a	14 days	[23]
Mvomero, Tanzania	An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus	Griselesf® WBS	10 ml/l	Variable^c	47–76.6^a	14 days	[23]
Kinshasa, Zaire^g	An. gambiae (s.l.)	VectoLex® G (200 ITU/mg)	10.0 kg/ha	15 days	98^a	2 days	[51]
Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso	An. gambiae	Spherimos FC	0.1–10.0 g/m²	Once	100	1–10 days	[20]
Muheza, Tanzania	An. funestus	Spherimos FC	60 mg/l	Once	100 ^a	28 days	[26]
Kotiokh, Senegal	An. gambiae (s.l.)	Spherimos FC	3 g/m²	Once	95–100^a	5 days	[83]
Kotiokh, Senegal	An. gambiae (s.l.)	Spherimos G	3 g/m²	Once	100^a	15 days	[83]
Western, Kenya	An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus	VectoMax® CG	–	4 weeks	~100^a	10 days	[86]
Cove, Benin^d	An. gambiae (s.l.)	VectoBac® G (200 ITU/mg)	1.2 g/m²	Once	73–95	3 days	[75]
Malindi, Kenya	An. gambiae (s.l.)	Culinexcombi Tablets (1.0 x 10⁶ ITU Bti + 2.5 × 10⁴ ITU Bs)	1 tab/2000 l	2 weeks	99–100	10 days	[80]
Western Kenya, Kenya^e	An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus	FourStar® Briquettes (not stated)	1 briq/100ft²	Once	–	5 months	[47]
Vihiga and Kakamega, Kenya	An. gambiae s.l.; An. funestus	FourStar®Briquettes (not stated)	1 briq/100ft²	Once	80^a	4 weeks	[48]
Chikhwawa, Malawi	Not stated	VectoBac®WDG (not stated)	Not stated	Not stated	Not stated	Not stated	[90]
Lusaka, Zambia	An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus	Not stated	5 ml/m²	Not stated	Not stated	Not stated	[19]
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso	An. gambiae (s.l.)	Granular Bs (1520 ITU/mg) / Spherimos FC (300 ITU/mg)	3.0 ml / 3.0 g/m²	Once	60–97	10 days	[27]
Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso	An. gambiae (s.l.)	Spherimos FC (80 ITU/mg) / VectoLex WSM (100% TP)	30 g/m² / 0.5 g/m²	1 week	Not stated	Not stated	[84]
Maroua, Cameroon	An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus; An. pharoensis	Bs strain 2362 (not specified)	10 g/m²	3 rounds^f	Not stated	Not stated	[18]
Tiémélékro, Côte d’Ivoire	An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus (s.l.)	VectoBac® WDG (3000 ITU/mg) / VectoLex® WDG (650 ITU/mg)	0.8 mg/l / 10 mg/l	~3 weeks	Reduced to zero	21 days	[85]
Vihiga and Kericho, Kenya	An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus	VectoBac® WDG (not stated)	200 g/ha	1 week	91	7 days	[76]
Cotonou, Benin	Anopheles	Bti (not stated)	50 mg/l	2 weeks	Significantly reduced	9 days	[22]
Mvomero, Tanzania	An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus	VectoBac® CG (ITU/mg)/	10 kg/ha	1 week	Not stated	Not stated	[87]
Nouna, Burkina Faso	An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus	VectoBac® WDG (not stated)	Not stated	10 days	Not stated	Not stated	[61]
Kilosa, Tanzania	Not stated	VectoBac® CG	Not stated	Not stated	Not stated	Not stated	[30]

^aLarval reductions based on all larval instars; unmarked are based on late instars only
^bWeekly application cycles for the first four rounds after which re-treatment was conducted when late instars were noted
^cLarval habitats were re-treated when late instars were detected during weekly monitoring
^dPupal reduction reported 100% for up to 3 days [75]
^ePupal reduction reported 87.4–95.4% for up to 5 months [47]
^fThree rounds of applications between March 1992–Nov 1993
^gZaire: now The Democratic Republic of the Congo
Abbreviations: ITU, international toxic units; AS, aqueous suspension; G, granules; WDG, water-dispersible granules; CG, corn granules; LC, liquid concentrate; WP, wettable powder, WBS, water-based suspension; FC, flowable concentrate; WSM, water-suspendable micro-granule; Bti, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis; Bs, Bacillus sphaericus; tab, tablets; briq, briquettes

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ISSN: 1756-3305

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