Skip to main content

Table 6 Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in small cat species sampled in the present study compared with data from other studies

From: Toxoplasma gondii in small exotic felids from zoos in Europe and the Middle East: serological prevalence and risk factors

Species

Test

No. of samples

Proportion of positive samples (%)

Location

Reference

Geoffroy’s cat (Leopardus geoffroyi)

IB + IFAT

33

48.5

Europe

Present study

Molecular/DNA

22

27.3

Brazil

[97]

ELISA

8

25.0

Bolivian Chaco

[98]

MAT

12

83.3

Brazil

[39]

IFAT

1

0.00

California, USA

[32]

MAT

1

100.0

Brazil

[30]

Jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi)

IB + IFAT

9

55.6

Europe

Present study

MAT

2

50.0

Mexico

[13]

IFAT

25

40.0

Brazil

[29]

Molecular/DNA

22

40.9

Brazil

[97]

ELISA

1

100.0

USA

[99]

IFAT

1

100.0

Brazil

[100]

IFAT

1

100.0

Czech Republic/Slovak Republic

[7]

MAT

99

46.5

Brazil

[39]

IHA + MAT

2

50.0

Brazil

[101]

IFAT

2

0.00

California, USA

[32]

MAT

3

66.7

Brazil

[30]

Margay (Leopardus wiedii)

IB + IFAT

19

47.4

Europe

Present study

IFAT

4

100.0

Brazil

[29]

Molecular/DNA

10

60.0

Brazil

[97]

MAT

2

50.0

Guatemala

[102]

IHA

2

0.00

California, USA

[10]

MAT

63

54.0

Brazil

[39]

IHA + MAT

1

100.0

Brazil

[101]

MAT

17

58.8

Brazil

[30]

Oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus)

IB + IFAT

9

66.7

Europe

Present study

MAT

2

0.00

Mexico

[13]

IFAT

35

62.9

Brazil

[29]

Molecular/DNA

28

28.6

Brazil

[97]

IFAT

1

100.0

Bolivia

[103]

MAT

131

50.4

Brazil

[39]

DT

9

66.7

Brazil

[104]

MAT

22

68.2

Brazil

[30]

Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii)

IB + IFAT

2

50.0

Europe

Present study

MAT

2

50.0

Australia

[105]

IHA

3

33.3

California, USA

[10]

LA

8

12.5

Thailand

[31]

ELISA + MAT

6

83.3

Shanghai, China

[106]

Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus)

IB + IFAT

40

55.0

Europe

Present study

IFAT

1

0.00

Brazil

[29]

DT

1

100.0

Thailand

[107]

MAT

4

25.0

Midwestern USA

[11]

MAT

4

50.0

Australia

[105]

IFAT

1

0.00

California, USA

[32]

LA

27

22.2

Thailand

[31]

Pallas’ cat (Otocolobus manul)

IB + IFAT

52

90.4

Europe

Present study

DAT + IFAT

8

100.0

Austria

[19]

EIA + LA

9

100.0

USA

[15]

MAT

5

20.0

Midwestern USA

[11]

MAT

3

66.7

Wisconsin, USA

[24]

LA

4

100.0

Denver, USA

[17]

ELISA

6

100.0

Oklahoma, USA

[22]

IHA

3

100.0

California, USA

[23]

IFAT

2

100.0

Czech Republic/Slovak Republic

[7]

ELISA

14

78.6

Ohio, USA

[18]

Sand cat (Felis margarita

IB + IFAT

87

54.0

Europe

Present study

MAT

1

100.0

France

[14]

MAT

20

70.0

UAE

[16]

MAT

6

100.0

UAE

[28]

  1. Abbreviations: IB, immunoblot; IFAT, immunofluorescent antibody test; DT, dye test; MAT, modified agglutination test; LA, latex agglutination test; DAT, direct agglutination test; EIA, enzyme immunoassay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IHA, indirect hemagglutination, DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid