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Table 2 Chronological arrangement of reports of laboratory confirmed natural infections of NHPs with DENVs in countries around the world

From: Sylvatic cycles of arboviruses in non-human primates

Year

Reference

Country

Primate speciesa

Diagnostic test

Prevalence (%)

1962–1964

Rudnick (1986) [23]

Malaysia

Silvered leaf monkey (Presbytis cristatus)

HAI and SN

66.7 (26/39) and 47.8 (30/63)

1962–1964

Rudnick (1986) [23]

Malaysia

Crab-eating macaque (cynomolgus monkey) (Macaca fascicularis)

HAI and SN

92.8 (64/69) and 68.7 (106/154)

1962–1964

Rudnick (1986) [23]

Malaysia

Southern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina)

HAI and SN

50.0 (1/2) and 50.0 (1/2)

1962–1964

Rudnick (1986) [23]

Malaysia

Sumatran surili (Presbytis melalophos)

HAI and SN

75.0 (3/4) and 100 (2/2)

1963–1966 and 1978

Yuwono et al. (1984) [53]

Japan (imported from Indonesia and the Philippines)

Southeast Asian cynomolgus (Macaca iris)

PRNT

35.8 (145/358)

1968

Rudnick (1986) [23]

Malaysia

Unspecified

VI

100 (1/1)

1969, 1971–1972

Fagbami et al. (1977) [63]

Nigeria

Unspecified

HAI and SN

48.9 (45/92)

1969, 1971–1972

Fagbami et al. (1977) [63]

Nigeria

Galagos

HAI and SN

25.0 (3/12)

1972

Rudnick (1986) [23]

Malaysia

Dusky leaf monkey (Presbytis obscura)

VI

100 (3/3)

1974–1982

Saluzzo et al. (1986) [61]

Senegal

Erythrocebus patas; Cercopithecus aethiops; Papio papio

CFT

2.5 (10/395)

1982

Cornet et al. (1984) [20]

Senegal

Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas)

VI

0.4 (1/250)

1986

De Silva et al. (1999) [57]

Sri Lanka

Toque macaque (Macaca sinica)

ELISA

12.5 (2/16)

1987

De Silva et al. (1999) [57]

Sri Lanka

Toque macaque (Macaca sinica)

ELISA

93.2 (41/44)

1987

Peiris et al. (1993) [56]

Sri Lanka

Toque macaque (Macaca sinica)

PRNT

94.1 (64/68)

1991–2009

Kading et al. (2013) [26]

Gabon

Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx)

PRNT

8.0 (2/25)

1995

De Silva et al. (1999) [57]

Sri Lanka

Toque macaque (Macaca sinica)

ELISA

21.3 (52/244)

1996–1997

Wolfe et al. (2001) [58]

Malaysia (Borneo)

Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)

PRNT

29.6 (21/71)

1999

Inoue et al. (2003) [59]

The Philippines

Cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis)

ELISA

3.7 (2/54)

2000

Diallo et al. (2003) [29]

Senegal

African green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus)

ELISA

58.8 (10/17)

2006–2014

Catenacci et al. (2018) [67]

Brazil

Golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas)

PRNT

7.7 (8/103)

2008–2009

Nakgoi et al. (2014) [55]

Thailand

Pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina leonine)

PRNT

32.7 (9/38)

2010

Morales et al. (2017) [66]

Argentina

Howler monkey (Alouatta caraya)

PRNT

1.8 (2/108)

2010

Kato et al. (2013) [42]

The Philippines

Cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis)

ELISA; PRNT; and PCR

33.0 (33/100); 22.9 (8/35); and 42.8 (3/7)

2010, 2012

Hemme et al. (2016) [65]

USA (Puerto Rico)

Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas)

PRNT

100 (21/21)

2010, 2012

Hemme et al. (2016) [65]

USA (Puerto Rico)

Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)

PRNT

100 (2/2)

2013

Moreiro-Soto et al. (2018) [77]

Brazil

Red-handed howler monkey (Alouatta belzebul)

PRNT

100 (1/1)

2014

Eastwood et al. (2017) [25]

Kenya

Olive baboon (Papio anubis)

ELISA

57.1 (4/7)

2014

Eastwood et al. (2017) [25]

Kenya

Yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus)

ELISA

82.3 (14/17)

2014

Moreiro-Soto et al. (2018) [77]

Brazil

Red-handed howler monkey (Alouatta belzebul)

PRNT

100 (1/1)

  1. aAs listed by the authors
  2. Abbreviations: CFT, complement fixation test; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HAI, haemagglutination inhibition; PRNT, plaque reduction neutralisation testing; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SN, serum neutralization; VI, viral isolation