Fig. 4

Parasite antigen treatment induced an alternatively activated phenotype in PMs in vitro. PMs from normal mice were purified and stimulated with different parasite antigens for 24 h. LPS and IL-4 were included as positive controls for CAMs and AAMs, respectively. The transcript levels of AAM markers (YM1, Arg1, Fizz1 and IL-10) and CAM markers (iNOS and TNF-α) were evaluated by real-time PCR. The expression levels of each molecule were determined by the comparative Cq value normalized against the GAPDH using the 2^−ΔΔCq method. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001